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1 Kings 1

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1Now king David was old and advanced in years; and they covered him with clothes, but he couldn’t keep warm. 2Therefore his servants said to him, “Let a young virgin be sought for my lord the king. Let her stand before the king, and cherish him; and let her lie in your bosom, that my lord the king may keep warm.” 3So they sought for a beautiful young lady throughout all the borders of Israel, and found Abishag the Shunammite, and brought her to the king. 4The young lady was very beautiful; and she cherished the king, and served him; but the king didn’t know her intimately. 5Then Adonijah the son of Haggith exalted himself, saying, “I will be king.” Then he prepared him chariots and horsemen, and fifty men to run before him. 6His father had not displeased him at any time in saying, “Why have you done so?” and he was also a very handsome man; and he was born after Absalom. 7He conferred with Joab the son of Zeruiah, and with Abiathar the priest; and they followed Adonijah and helped him. 8But Zadok the priest, Benaiah the son of Jehoiada, Nathan the prophet, Shimei, Rei, and the mighty men who belonged to David, were not with Adonijah. 9Adonijah killed sheep, cattle, and fatlings by the stone of Zoheleth, which is beside En Rogel; and he called all his brothers, the king’s sons, and all the men of Judah, the king’s servants; 10but he didn’t call Nathan the prophet, and Benaiah, and the mighty men, and Solomon his brother. 11Then Nathan spoke to Bathsheba the mother of Solomon, saying, “Haven’t you heard that Adonijah the son of Haggith reigns, and David our lord doesn’t know it? 12Now therefore come, please let me give you counsel, that you may save your own life, and your son Solomon’s life. 13Go in to king David, and tell him, ‘Didn’t you, my lord, king, swear to your servant, saying, “Assuredly Solomon your son shall reign after me, and he shall sit on my throne?” Why then does Adonijah reign?’ 14Behold, while you are still talking there with the king, I will also come in after you and confirm your words.” 15Bathsheba went in to the king in his room. The king was very old; and Abishag the Shunammite was serving the king. 16Bathsheba bowed, and showed respect to the king. The king said, “What would you like?” 17She said to him, “My lord, you swore by Yahweh your God to your servant, ‘Assuredly Solomon your son shall reign after me, and he shall sit on my throne.’ 18Now, behold, Adonijah reigns; and you, my lord the king, don’t know it. 19He has slain cattle and fatlings and sheep in abundance, and has called all the sons of the king, Abiathar the priest, and Joab the captain of the army; but he hasn’t called Solomon your servant. 20You, my lord the king, the eyes of all Israel are on you, that you should tell them who will sit on the throne of my lord the king after him. 21Otherwise it will happen, when my lord the king sleeps with his fathers, that I and my son Solomon will be considered criminals.” 22Behold, while she was still talking with the king, Nathan the prophet came in. 23They told the king, saying, “Behold, Nathan the prophet!” When he had come in before the king, he bowed himself before the king with his face to the ground. 24Nathan said, “My lord, king, have you said, ‘Adonijah shall reign after me, and he shall sit on my throne?’ 25For he has gone down today, and has slain cattle, fatlings, and sheep in abundance, and has called all the king’s sons, the captains of the army, and Abiathar the priest. Behold, they are eating and drinking before him, and saying, ‘Long live king Adonijah!’ 26But he hasn’t called me, even me your servant, Zadok the priest, Benaiah the son of Jehoiada, and your servant Solomon. 27Was this thing done by my lord the king, and you haven’t shown to your servants who should sit on the throne of my lord the king after him?” 28Then king David answered, “Call Bathsheba in to me.” She came into the king’s presence and stood before the king. 29The king swore, and said, “As Yahweh lives, who has redeemed my soul out of all adversity, 30most certainly as I swore to you by Yahweh, the God of Israel, saying, ‘Assuredly Solomon your son shall reign after me, and he shall sit on my throne in my place;’ I will most certainly do this today.” 31Then Bathsheba bowed with her face to the earth, and showed respect to the king, and said, “Let my lord king David live forever!” 32King David said, “Call to me Zadok the priest, Nathan the prophet, and Benaiah the son of Jehoiada.” They came before the king. 33The king said to them, “Take with you the servants of your lord, and cause Solomon my son to ride on my own mule, and bring him down to Gihon. 34Let Zadok the priest and Nathan the prophet anoint him there king over Israel. Blow the trumpet, and say, ‘Long live king Solomon!’ 35Then come up after him, and he shall come and sit on my throne; for he shall be king in my place. I have appointed him to be prince over Israel and over Judah.” 36Benaiah the son of Jehoiada answered the king, and said, “Amen. May Yahweh, the God of my lord the king, say so. 37As Yahweh has been with my lord the king, even so may he be with Solomon, and make his throne greater than the throne of my lord king David.” 38So Zadok the priest, Nathan the prophet, Benaiah the son of Jehoiada, and the Cherethites and the Pelethites went down and had Solomon ride on king David’s mule, and brought him to Gihon. 39Zadok the priest took the horn of oil from the Tent, and anointed Solomon. They blew the trumpet; and all the people said, “Long live king Solomon!” 40All the people came up after him, and the people piped with pipes, and rejoiced with great joy, so that the earth shook with their sound. 41Adonijah and all the guests who were with him heard it as they had finished eating. When Joab heard the sound of the trumpet, he said, “Why is this noise of the city being in an uproar?” 42While he yet spoke, behold, Jonathan the son of Abiathar the priest came; and Adonijah said, “Come in; for you are a worthy man, and bring good news.” 43Jonathan answered Adonijah, “Most certainly our lord king David has made Solomon king. 44The king has sent with him Zadok the priest, Nathan the prophet, Benaiah the son of Jehoiada, and the Cherethites and the Pelethites; and they have caused him to ride on the king’s mule. 45Zadok the priest and Nathan the prophet have anointed him king in Gihon. They have come up from there rejoicing, so that the city rang again. This is the noise that you have heard. 46Also, Solomon sits on the throne of the kingdom. 47Moreover the king’s servants came to bless our lord king David, saying, ‘May your God make the name of Solomon better than your name, and make his throne greater than your throne;’ and the king bowed himself on the bed. 48Also thus said the king, ‘Blessed be Yahweh, the God of Israel, who has given one to sit on my throne today, my eyes even seeing it.’” 49All the guests of Adonijah were afraid, and rose up, and each man went his way. 50Adonijah was afraid because of Solomon; and he arose, and went, and hung onto the horns of the altar. 51Solomon was told, “Behold, Adonijah fears king Solomon; for, behold, he is hanging onto the horns of the altar, saying, ‘Let king Solomon swear to me first that he will not kill his servant with the sword.’” 52Solomon said, “If he shows himself a worthy man, not a hair of his shall fall to the earth; but if wickedness is found in him, he shall die.” 53So king Solomon sent, and they brought him down from the altar. He came and bowed down to king Solomon; and Solomon said to him, “Go to your house.”

World English Bible (public domain)

And Zadok the priest took a horn of oil from the tent and anointed Solomon. Then they blew the trumpet, and all the people said, "Long live King Solomon!"

1 Kings 1:39

Summary

1 Kings chapter 1 opens with King David now old and nearing death, as his physical state and the need for a successor become evident. His son Adonijah, taking advantage of his father's inability to govern, decides to proclaim himself king without seeking advice from David or other leaders, demonstrating themes of ambition and conflict for power. Meanwhile, Bathsheba, the mother of Solomon, along with the prophet Nathan, becomes aware of Adonijah's actions and seeks to ensure that Solomon, whom David had previously promised would be king, is established on the throne. Nathan and Bathsheba approach David and convey the urgency of the situation, prompting the aging king to reaffirm his vow to Solomon. David immediately acts to appoint Solomon as king by having him anointed in an official ceremony. This royal act not only symbolizes God's choice of Solomon but also brings clarity and order amidst the chaos initiated by Adonijah. The chapter concludes with the establishment of Solomon as king, marking a pivotal moment in the history of Israel as the rightful heir takes his place on the throne. The theological significance of this chapter lies in themes of divine sovereignty, the fulfillment of God's promises, and the importance of righteous leadership. The narrative underscores God's control over the succession of kings and highlights the need for alignment with God's will in leadership decisions. The transition from David to Solomon also foreshadows future challenges in Israel, as the actions of leaders will impact the nation's fate.

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Chapter outline

How 1 Kings 1 unfolds

  1. 1 Kings 1:1–4 David's Old Age and Need for Succession

    King David is old and unable to stay warm, prompting his servants to seek a young woman, Abishag, to care for him.

  2. 1 Kings 1:5–10 Adonijah's Ambition to Rule

    Adonijah proclaims himself king, gathers support, and excludes key figures, initiating a conflict over succession.

  3. 1 Kings 1:11–20 Bathsheba and Nathan's Intervention

    Nathan informs Bathsheba of Adonijah's actions and advises her to remind David of his promise to make Solomon king.

  4. 1 Kings 1:21–27 Nathan Joins Bathsheba

    Nathan enters and confronts David about Adonijah's claim, urging the king to clarify who will succeed him.

  5. 1 Kings 1:28–30 David Affirms Solomon's Kingship

    David calls for Bathsheba and reaffirms his promise to make Solomon king, committing to act immediately.

  6. 1 Kings 1:31–40 Solomon's Anointing

    David instructs the anointing of Solomon, leading to a public proclamation of his kingship amid great celebration.

  7. 1 Kings 1:41–53 Adonijah's Reaction and Solomon's Response

    Adonijah learns of Solomon's kingship and seeks mercy, leading Solomon to grant him a chance for redemption.

Key verses

  • 1 Kings 1:39This verse captures the pivotal moment of Solomon's anointing, marking the transition of leadership in Israel.

Main themes in 1 Kings 1

Divine Sovereignty

The theme of divine sovereignty surfaces prominently when David affirms Solomon's kingship in verse 30. This moment underscores God's control over Israel's leadership, as David acts in accordance with God's revealed will. The chapter develops this theme by depicting God's involvement in the succession plan, emphasizing that despite human ambition and conflict, God ensures the rise of His chosen leader, Solomon, to fulfill His divine purpose.

Leadership and Authority

The conflict over kingship in 1 Kings 1 highlights the theme of leadership and authority, particularly through Adonijah's self-appointment in verse 5. This narrative contrasts the rightful leadership promised by God with the turmoil created by usurped authority, illustrating the consequences of ignoring divine will. By emphasizing the need for divinely sanctioned leadership, the chapter reveals that stability in Israel hinges on recognizing and following God's chosen leaders.

Fulfillment of Promises

David's reaffirmation of his promise to Solomon in verse 30 powerfully emphasizes the theme of fulfillment of promises within the chapter. This act not only restores order but also aligns with God's intentions for Israel's future, showing that God's plans are steadfast. The narrative illustrates the critical role of divine covenants in guiding Israel's destiny, affirming that God faithfully brings His promises to fruition amidst human uncertainty.

Conflict and Ambition

Conflict and ambition are central to the narrative as Adonijah attempts to seize the throne in verse 5, disregarding God's established plan. This tension highlights the dangers of personal ambition that opposes divine will and the chaos it can create within the community. The resolution of this conflict through Solomon's anointment ultimately restores peace and purpose to Israel, reinforcing the idea that divine order prevails over human desires.

Cross-references

Passages that echo 1 Kings 1

Study questions

Questions for studying 1 Kings 1

  1. What condition is King David in at the beginning of this chapter?
  2. How does Adonijah attempt to establish his rule?
  3. What role do Bathsheba and Nathan play in securing Solomon's kingship?
  4. What is the significance of the anointing ceremony for Solomon?
  5. How does Adonijah react to the news of Solomon's kingship?
  6. What does Solomon's response to Adonijah reveal about his character?
  7. What promise did David make concerning Solomon's future?

1 Kings 1: frequently asked questions

What is 1 Kings 1 about?+
1 Kings chapter 1 opens with King David now old and nearing death, as his physical state and the need for a successor become evident. His son Adonijah, taking advantage of his father's inability to govern, decides to proclaim himself king without seeking advice from David or other leaders, demonstrating themes of ambition and conflict for power. Meanwhile, Bathsheba, the mother of Solomon, along with the prophet Nathan, becomes aware of Adonijah's actions and seeks to ensure that Solomon, whom David had previously promised would be king, is established on the throne. Nathan and Bathsheba approach David and convey the urgency of the situation, prompting the aging king to reaffirm his vow to Solomon. David immediately acts to appoint Solomon as king by having him anointed in an official ceremony. This royal act not only symbolizes God's choice of Solomon but also brings clarity and order amidst the chaos initiated by Adonijah. The chapter concludes with the establishment of Solomon as king, marking a pivotal moment in the history of Israel as the rightful heir takes his place on the throne. The theological significance of this chapter lies in themes of divine sovereignty, the fulfillment of God's promises, and the importance of righteous leadership. The narrative underscores God's control over the succession of kings and highlights the need for alignment with God's will in leadership decisions. The transition from David to Solomon also foreshadows future challenges in Israel, as the actions of leaders will impact the nation's fate.
What is the key verse in 1 Kings 1?+
1 Kings 1:39: "And Zadok the priest took a horn of oil from the tent and anointed Solomon. Then they blew the trumpet, and all the people said, "Long live King Solomon!""
What are the main themes of 1 Kings 1?+
The main themes of 1 Kings 1 are Divine Sovereignty, Leadership and Authority, Fulfillment of Promises, Conflict and Ambition.

Related chapters

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Study Notes