Exodus 1
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1Now these are the names of the sons of Israel, who came into Egypt (every man and his household came with Jacob): 2Reuben, Simeon, Levi, and Judah, 3Issachar, Zebulun, and Benjamin, 4Dan and Naphtali, Gad and Asher. 5All the souls who came out of Jacob’s body were seventy souls, and Joseph was in Egypt already. 6Joseph died, as did all his brothers, and all that generation. 7The children of Israel were fruitful, and increased abundantly, and multiplied, and grew exceedingly mighty; and the land was filled with them. 8Now there arose a new king over Egypt, who didn’t know Joseph. 9He said to his people, “Behold, the people of the children of Israel are more and mightier than we. 10Come, let us deal wisely with them, lest they multiply, and it happen that when any war breaks out, they also join themselves to our enemies, and fight against us, and escape out of the land.” 11Therefore they set taskmasters over them to afflict them with their burdens. They built storage cities for Pharaoh: Pithom and Raamses. 12But the more they afflicted them, the more they multiplied and the more they spread out. They were grieved because of the children of Israel. 13The Egyptians ruthlessly made the children of Israel serve, 14and they made their lives bitter with hard service, in mortar and in brick, and in all kinds of service in the field, all their service, in which they ruthlessly made them serve. 15The king of Egypt spoke to the Hebrew midwives, of whom the name of the one was Shiphrah, and the name of the other Puah, 16and he said, “When you perform the duty of a midwife to the Hebrew women, and see them on the birth stool; if it is a son, then you shall kill him; but if it is a daughter, then she shall live.” 17But the midwives feared God, and didn’t do what the king of Egypt commanded them, but saved the baby boys alive. 18The king of Egypt called for the midwives, and said to them, “Why have you done this thing, and have saved the boys alive?” 19The midwives said to Pharaoh, “Because the Hebrew women aren’t like the Egyptian women; for they are vigorous, and give birth before the midwife comes to them.” 20God dealt well with the midwives, and the people multiplied, and grew very mighty. 21Because the midwives feared God, he gave them families. 22Pharaoh commanded all his people, saying, “You shall cast every son who is born into the river, and every daughter you shall save alive.”
World English Bible (public domain)
“But the more they were oppressed, the more they multiplied and the more they spread abroad. And the Egyptians were in dread of the people of Israel.”
Exodus 1:12
Summary
Exodus chapter 1 recounts the story of the Israelites in Egypt after the death of Joseph and his brothers. The chapter begins by listing the names of the sons of Israel who came to Egypt, underscoring their growth from a small family into a great nation. Over time, a new Pharaoh arises who does not remember Joseph and perceives the Israelites as a threat due to their increasing numbers. Consequently, the Egyptians enslave the Israelites, imposing harsh labor upon them in hopes of controlling their population. Despite the oppression, the Israelites multiply even more, illustrating God's promise to Abraham that his descendants would be numerous. The chapter concludes with Pharaoh's decree to kill all newborn Hebrew boys, highlighting the desperate measures taken to subdue a growing people and setting the stage for God’s deliverance of His people. Key themes in this chapter include oppression and resilience, as the Israelites face brutal treatment but continue to thrive. The transition from favor to oppression illustrates the fragility of human power and the long-term consequences of forgetting God's covenant. The chapter also underscores God's providential care for His chosen people, foreshadowing their eventual liberation. Theologically, it emphasizes God’s faithfulness to His promises, serving as a precursor to the profound themes of deliverance that will be further developed throughout the book of Exodus.
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Chapter outline
How Exodus 1 unfolds
Exodus 1:1–5 The Names of the Sons of Israel
The chapter begins with the names of the sons of Israel who came to Egypt, emphasizing their initial unity and growth as a family.
Exodus 1:6–7 The Death of Joseph and Growth of Israelites
After Joseph and his brothers die, the Israelites flourish and multiply greatly, fulfilling God's promise of abundance.
Exodus 1:8–12 New Pharaoh's Concern and Oppression
A new king, unfamiliar with Joseph, fears the Israelites' numbers and enslaves them, imposing hard labor.
Exodus 1:13–14 Harsh Treatment of Israelites
The Egyptians ruthlessly oppress the Israelites through bitter labor, hoping to control their growth and strength.
Exodus 1:15–21 The Midwives' Defiance
Pharaoh orders Hebrew midwives to kill newborn boys; they resist due to their fear of God and are rewarded.
Exodus 1:22 Pharaoh's Final Decree
Pharaoh commands all his people to throw newborn Hebrew boys into the river, intensifying the oppression of the Israelites.
Key verses
Exodus 1:12Exodus 1:12 highlights the paradox of oppression leading to growth, illustrating God's sovereignty amid hardship.
Main themes in Exodus 1
oppression and resilience
The theme of oppression and resilience surfaces as the Israelites endure severe mistreatment from the Egyptians in verses 13-14. Despite the harsh conditions of slavery, the Israelites continue to multiply and thrive, demonstrating remarkable strength and determination in the face of adversity. This resilience highlights the broader narrative of God's enduring presence with His people, emphasizing that even in suffering, they maintain hope and a future.
God's faithfulness
God's faithfulness is evident in the increasing numbers of the Israelites, which fulfills His covenant promise to Abraham despite their harsh oppression (verse 12). This chapter illustrates that God's divine plans remain unshaken, even when the Israelites find themselves in dire circumstances. This theme sets the stage for the eventual deliverance that will unfold in the narrative, reinforcing the assurance that God is actively working on behalf of His people.
the transition of power
The transition of power is marked by the new Pharaoh's disregard for Joseph's significant contributions to Egypt (verse 8). This shift results in the subjugation of the Israelites, illustrating how quickly favor can turn into oppression when leadership changes. Such transitions underscore the fragility of human power and the dire consequences that follow when a society forgets its history and the individuals who aided its prosperity.
Providence and deliverance
The theme of providence and deliverance is suggested through the courageous actions of the midwives, who defy Pharaoh's orders to save Hebrew boys (verses 17-21). Their willingness to act in defiance of oppression indicates God's hidden work to protect His people during their suffering. This chapter foreshadows a future deliverance, assuring readers of God's ongoing care and intervention in the lives of those who trust in Him.
Cross-references
Passages that echo Exodus 1
- Psalm 33This psalm echoes the theme of God's sovereignty, which aligns with His care for the oppressed Israelites in this chapter.
- Acts 7Stephen's speech connects with this chapter by recounting the Israelites' experience in Egypt, emphasizing God's providential protection.
- Exodus 3The call of Moses in Exodus 3 develops the narrative of deliverance, building on the oppression described in this chapter.
- Genesis 46Genesis 46 provides background on Jacob's family's arrival in Egypt, establishing the foundation for their later oppression.
- Psalm 105This psalm connects by recounting God's faithfulness to Israel, echoing the promise of multiplication in Exodus 1.
- Deuteronomy 26Deuteronomy 26 develops the theme of God's deliverance, recalling the Israelites' suffering and God's faithfulness in bringing them out of Egypt.
Study questions
Questions for studying Exodus 1
- Who were the sons of Israel that came to Egypt?
- What strategies did Pharaoh use to control the Israelites?
- How did the midwives respond to Pharaoh's command?
- What impact did the oppression have on the Israelite population?
- How does this chapter illustrate the theme of God's faithfulness?
- What does Pharaoh's fear reveal about his understanding of power?
- Why is the mention of Joseph significant in this chapter?
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