Genesis 21
Read Genesis 21 (WEB)+
1Yahweh visited Sarah as he had said, and Yahweh did to Sarah as he had spoken. 2Sarah conceived, and bore Abraham a son in his old age, at the set time of which God had spoken to him. 3Abraham called his son who was born to him, whom Sarah bore to him, Isaac. 4Abraham circumcised his son, Isaac, when he was eight days old, as God had commanded him. 5Abraham was one hundred years old when his son, Isaac, was born to him. 6Sarah said, “God has made me laugh. Everyone who hears will laugh with me.” 7She said, “Who would have said to Abraham, that Sarah would nurse children? For I have borne him a son in his old age.” 8The child grew, and was weaned. Abraham made a great feast on the day that Isaac was weaned. 9Sarah saw the son of Hagar the Egyptian, whom she had borne to Abraham, mocking. 10Therefore she said to Abraham, “Cast out this servant and her son! For the son of this servant will not be heir with my son, Isaac.” 11The thing was very grievous in Abraham’s sight on account of his son. 12God said to Abraham, “Don’t let it be grievous in your sight because of the boy, and because of your servant. In all that Sarah says to you, listen to her voice. For your offspring will be named through Isaac. 13I will also make a nation of the son of the servant, because he is your child.” 14Abraham rose up early in the morning, and took bread and a bottle of water, and gave it to Hagar, putting it on her shoulder; and gave her the child, and sent her away. She departed, and wandered in the wilderness of Beersheba. 15The water in the bottle was spent, and she put the child under one of the shrubs. 16She went and sat down opposite him, a good way off, about a bow shot away. For she said, “Don’t let me see the death of the child.” She sat over against him, and lifted up her voice, and wept. 17God heard the voice of the boy. The angel of God called to Hagar out of the sky, and said to her, “What ails you, Hagar? Don’t be afraid. For God has heard the voice of the boy where he is. 18Get up, lift up the boy, and hold him in your hand. For I will make him a great nation.” 19God opened her eyes, and she saw a well of water. She went, filled the bottle with water, and gave the boy drink. 20God was with the boy, and he grew. He lived in the wilderness, and became, as he grew up, an archer. 21He lived in the wilderness of Paran. His mother took a wife for him out of the land of Egypt. 22At that time, Abimelech and Phicol the captain of his army spoke to Abraham, saying, “God is with you in all that you do. 23Now, therefore, swear to me here by God that you will not deal falsely with me, nor with my son, nor with my son’s son. But according to the kindness that I have done to you, you shall do to me, and to the land in which you have lived as a foreigner.” 24Abraham said, “I will swear.” 25Abraham complained to Abimelech because of a water well, which Abimelech’s servants had violently taken away. 26Abimelech said, “I don’t know who has done this thing. You didn’t tell me, and I didn’t hear of it until today.” 27Abraham took sheep and cattle, and gave them to Abimelech. Those two made a covenant. 28Abraham set seven ewe lambs of the flock by themselves. 29Abimelech said to Abraham, “What do these seven ewe lambs which you have set by themselves mean?” 30He said, “You shall take these seven ewe lambs from my hand, that it may be a witness to me, that I have dug this well.” 31Therefore he called that place Beersheba, because they both swore an oath there. 32So they made a covenant at Beersheba. Abimelech rose up with Phicol, the captain of his army, and they returned into the land of the Philistines. 33Abraham planted a tamarisk tree in Beersheba, and called there on the name of Yahweh, the Everlasting God. 34Abraham lived as a foreigner in the land of the Philistines many days.
World English Bible (public domain)
“The Lord visited Sarah as he had said, and the Lord did to Sarah as he had promised.”
Genesis 21:1
Summary
Genesis chapter 21 tells the story of the long-awaited birth of Isaac, the son of Abraham and Sarah. At the age of 90, Sarah miraculously gives birth, fulfilling God's promise that Abraham would have a son through her. The chapter emphasizes the joy and laughter surrounding Isaac's birth, reflecting both the miraculous nature of God's promises and the joy that follows faithfulness. It also illustrates how God keeps His promises in His perfect timing, highlighting the theme of hope and faith amidst human doubt. Following Isaac's birth, the chapter also recounts the difficult relationship between Hagar and Sarah. As Isaac grows, Sarah sees Ishmael, Hagar's son, mocking Isaac, which leads her to demand that Abraham send Hagar and Ishmael away. This request causes Abraham great distress, but God reassures him to listen to Sarah, promising to make a great nation from Ishmael. This narrative raises profound themes of family dynamics, divine promise, and the complexities of human relationships. The chapter concludes with God's continued provision and guidance. Hagar and Ishmael find themselves in the wilderness, facing dire circumstances, but God hears the boy’s cries and provides for them, showcasing His compassion for the vulnerable. This ending serves as a reminder of God's watchful presence and care, even for those cast out. The theological significance of Genesis 21 is found in its portrayal of God's faithfulness to His covenant, the joy found in new beginnings, and the reassurance of divine care in times of crisis.
Go deeper
Ask the AI about Genesis 21
Bring your question about the chapter, the key verse, or how this passage fits the rest of Scripture.
Daily Scripture study
Get a short devotional by email
One passage, one reflection, and one practical question for the day.
Subscribe free and instantly get “Depth Without Seminary” — our step-by-step study guide (PDF).
One short email each morning. Unsubscribe anytime.
Studying Genesis with a print Bible beside you? See our picks for the best study Bibles for men.
Chapter outline
How Genesis 21 unfolds
Genesis 21:1–7 The Birth of Isaac
Yahweh fulfills His promise to Sarah, allowing her to conceive and bear a son named Isaac, bringing joy to Abraham and Sarah.
Genesis 21:8–14 Conflict with Hagar and Ishmael
As Isaac grows, Sarah sees Ishmael mocking him, leading her to demand Hagar and Ishmael be cast out, which distresses Abraham.
Genesis 21:15–21 Hagar and Ishmael in the Wilderness
After being sent away, Hagar and Ishmael face desperation in the wilderness, but God hears the boy's cries and promises to make Ishmael a great nation.
Genesis 21:22–34 Abraham's Covenant with Abimelech
Abimelech recognizes God's favor on Abraham, leading to a covenant between them, addressing disputes over water and marking a peaceful coexistence.
Key verses
Genesis 21:1The key verse emphasizes God's faithfulness in fulfilling His promises, which is the chapter's central theme.
Main themes in Genesis 21
Divine Promise
The theme of divine promise is central in Genesis 21, particularly in verses 1-2 where God fulfills His promise to Sarah. This fulfillment highlights the reliability of God's word amidst doubt and challenges faced by Abraham and Sarah. Within the chapter, the joy surrounding Isaac's birth illustrates the hope that God's promises bring.
Faith and Doubt
Faith and doubt are significant in this chapter, especially reflected in Sarah's initial laughter and later joy in verse 6. The complexity of trust is seen through Abraham's distress regarding Sarah's demand to send away Hagar and Ishmael. Ultimately, the chapter suggests that faith in God's provision must navigate human uncertainties.
Family Dynamics
Family dynamics are brought to the forefront in Genesis 21, particularly in verses 9-10, where the tension between Sarah and Hagar is evident. Sarah's demand to cast out Hagar highlights familial strife that arises from complicated relationships and expectations. This illustrates the challenges that accompany divine promises within family structures.
God's Provision
God's provision is vividly illustrated in verses 15-19, where Hagar and Ishmael find themselves in a dire situation after being cast out. In their moment of desperation, God hears Ishmael's cries and intervenes, providing not only sustenance but also a promise of future significance for Ishmael. This chapter emphasizes that God's compassion extends to those who are marginalized, affirming the belief that He watches over all, especially the vulnerable and those in need.
Cross-references
Passages that echo Genesis 21
- Genesis 17Both passages highlight God's covenant with Abraham regarding his descendants, affirming the significance of Isaac's birth.
- Galatians 4This chapter connects to Galatians by contrasting the children of the free woman and the slave, illustrating the broader implications of Isaac and Ishmael.
- Genesis 26Genesis 26 echoes themes of divine promise and provision, as God reiterates His covenant with Isaac, linking back to Abraham.
- Luke 1Luke 1 connects through the theme of miraculous births, showing God's intervention in fulfilling His promises.
- Genesis 18Genesis 18 sets the stage for Isaac's birth by emphasizing the promise given to Abraham and Sarah, foreshadowing their future joy.
- Genesis 16This chapter reflects on the consequences of Hagar's earlier acceptance into Abraham's family, shaping the later conflict.
Study questions
Questions for studying Genesis 21
- What promise does God fulfill in this chapter?
- How does Sarah react to Isaac's birth and what does it signify?
- What conflict arises between Sarah and Hagar?
- What is Abraham's response to God's command regarding Hagar?
- How does God provide for Hagar and Ishmael in the wilderness?
- What covenant do Abraham and Abimelech establish?
- What significance does the name Beersheba hold in this context?
Genesis 21: frequently asked questions
What is Genesis 21 about?+
What is the key verse in Genesis 21?+
What are the main themes of Genesis 21?+
Related chapters