Judges 19
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1In those days, when there was no king in Israel, there was a certain Levite living on the farther side of the hill country of Ephraim, who took for himself a concubine out of Bethlehem Judah. 2His concubine played the prostitute against him, and went away from him to her father’s house to Bethlehem Judah, and was there for four months. 3Her husband arose, and went after her, to speak kindly to her, to bring her again, having his servant with him, and a couple of donkeys. She brought him into her father’s house; and when the father of the young lady saw him, he rejoiced to meet him. 4His father-in-law, the young lady’s father, kept him there; and he stayed with him three days. So they ate and drank, and stayed there. 5On the fourth day, they got up early in the morning, and he rose up to depart. The young lady’s father said to his son-in-law, “Strengthen your heart with a morsel of bread, and afterward you shall go your way.” 6So they sat down, ate, and drank, both of them together. Then the young lady’s father said to the man, “Please be pleased to stay all night, and let your heart be merry.” 7The man rose up to depart; but his father-in-law urged him, and he stayed there again. 8He arose early in the morning on the fifth day to depart; and the young lady’s father said, “Please strengthen your heart and stay until the day declines”; and they both ate. 9When the man rose up to depart, he, and his concubine, and his servant, his father-in-law, the young lady’s father, said to him, “Behold, now the day draws toward evening, please stay all night. Behold, the day is ending. Stay here, that your heart may be merry; and tomorrow go on your way early, that you may go home.” 10But the man wouldn’t stay that night, but he rose up and departed, and toward Jebus (also called Jerusalem). With him were a couple of saddled donkeys. His concubine also was with him. 11When they were by Jebus, the day was far spent; and the servant said to his master, “Please come and let us enter into this city of the Jebusites, and stay in it.” 12His master said to him, “We won’t enter into the city of a foreigner that is not of the children of Israel; but we will pass over to Gibeah.” 13He said to his servant, “Come and let us draw near to one of these places; and we will lodge in Gibeah, or in Ramah.” 14So they passed on and went their way; and the sun went down on them near Gibeah, which belongs to Benjamin. 15They went over there, to go in to stay in Gibeah. He went in, and sat down in the street of the city; for there was no one who took them into his house to stay. 16Behold, an old man came from his work out of the field at evening. Now the man was from the hill country of Ephraim, and he lived in Gibeah; but the men of the place were Benjamites. 17He lifted up his eyes, and saw the wayfaring man in the street of the city; and the old man said, “Where are you going? Where did you come from?” 18He said to him, “We are passing from Bethlehem Judah to the farther side of the hill country of Ephraim. I am from there, and I went to Bethlehem Judah. I am going to Yahweh’s house; and there is no one who has taken me into his house. 19Yet there is both straw and feed for our donkeys; and there is bread and wine also for me, and for your servant, and for the young man who is with your servants. There is no lack of anything.” 20The old man said, “Peace be to you; how ever let me supply all your needs. Just don’t sleep in the street.” 21So he brought him into his house, and gave the donkeys fodder. Then they washed their feet, and ate and drank. 22As they were making their hearts merry, behold, the men of the city, certain wicked fellows, surrounded the house, beating at the door; and they spoke to the master of the house, the old man, saying, “Bring out the man who came into your house, that we can have sex with him!” 23The man, the master of the house, went out to them, and said to them, “No, my brothers, please don’t act so wickedly; since this man has come into my house, don’t do this folly. 24Behold, here is my virgin daughter and his concubine. I will bring them out now. Humble them, and do with them what seems good to you; but to this man don’t do any such folly.” 25But the men wouldn’t listen to him: so the man laid hold of his concubine, and brought her out to them; and they had sex with her, and abused her all night until the morning. When the day began to dawn, they let her go. 26Then the woman came in the dawning of the day, and fell down at the door of the man’s house where her lord was, until it was light. 27Her lord rose up in the morning, and opened the doors of the house, and went out to go his way; and behold, the woman his concubine had fallen down at the door of the house, with her hands on the threshold. 28He said to her, “Get up, and let us be going!” but no one answered. Then he took her up on the donkey; and the man rose up, and went to his place. 29When he had come into his house, he took a knife, and cut up his concubine, and divided her, limb by limb, into twelve pieces, and sent her throughout all the borders of Israel. 30It was so, that all who saw it said, “Such a deed has not been done or seen from the day that the children of Israel came up out of the land of Egypt to this day! Consider it, take counsel, and speak.”
World English Bible (public domain)
“And her lord rose up in the morning, and when he opened the doors of the house and went out to go on his way, behold, there was his concubine lying at the door of the house, with her hands on the threshold.”
Judges 19:27
Summary
Judges chapter 19 narrates the distressing story of a Levite and his concubine who experience a harrowing journey that culminates in a horrific act of violence. The chapter opens with the Levite seeking his concubine, who had returned to her father's home. After reconciling, they begin their return journey to the Levite's home. However, their journey is marred by the lack of hospitality they encounter, ultimately leading them to spend the night in the city of Gibeah. Here, they are taken in by an old man, but the night takes a tragic turn as wicked men from the city assault them, requesting to violate the Levite. In a shocking response, the Levite offers his concubine instead, leading to her brutal abuse and eventual death. In the aftermath, the Levite dismembers her body and sends the pieces to the tribes of Israel as a call to action against the atrocity committed in Gibeah, highlighting the moral decay and chaos in Israel during this period. This chapter is rich in themes of hospitality, morality, and the consequences of societal collapse when justice is neglected. The Levite's actions and the response to the violence reflect the broader themes of the book of Judges, illustrating a time when 'everyone did what was right in his own eyes.' Theologically, it prompts deep reflection on humanity's failure to uphold God's standards and the dire consequences of sin within a community, calling readers to consider the importance of righteousness, justice, and the treatment of the vulnerable in society. Judges 19 serves as a sobering reminder of the need for divine guidance and the importance of upholding God’s laws amidst a culture of moral relativism, underscoring the consequences that result when communities fail to protect those who are most vulnerable. It beckons the faithful to uphold justice and compassion in their relationships with one another, pointing towards a longing for restoration in the face of human failure.
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Chapter outline
How Judges 19 unfolds
Judges 19:1–3 The Levite and His Concubine
A Levite takes a concubine from Bethlehem and she returns to her father’s house after an infidelity. The Levite goes to reconcile with her after four months.
Judges 19:4–9 Hospitality of the Father-in-Law
The Levite stays with his father-in-law for several days, receiving hospitality and urging to remain longer. The father-in-law encourages him to strengthen his heart before departing.
Judges 19:10–15 Journey to Gibeah
The Levite refuses to stay in Jebus, a foreign city, and chooses to travel to Gibeah. They arrive but find no one to take them in.
Judges 19:16–21 An Old Man Offers Shelter
An old man from Ephraim, living in Gibeah, offers the Levite and his companions shelter. They are welcomed into his home and share a meal.
Judges 19:22–25 The Assault by Wicked Men
Wicked men surround the old man's house, demanding the Levite be brought out for abuse. The old man pleads with them, offering his daughter and the concubine instead.
Judges 19:26–29 The Aftermath of Violence
The concubine returns in the morning after being abused, collapsing at the door. The Levite finds her, but she is dead, leading him to dismember her body.
Judges 19:30 A Call to Israel
The Levite sends pieces of his concubine throughout Israel, provoking horror and a call for justice. This act symbolizes the moral decay in Israel.
Key verses
Judges 19:27Judges 19:27 highlights the tragic outcome of neglect and violence, underscoring the chapter's themes of moral decay and the need for justice.
Main themes in Judges 19
hospitality
Hospitality is a recurring theme as the Levite and his concubine seek shelter in Gibeah after their journey. They initially receive hospitality from the old man, but the broader society fails to offer protection and welcome. This contrast highlights the breakdown of social norms and the consequences of neglecting the vulnerable.
moral decay
Judges 19 starkly illustrates moral decay through the actions of the men of Gibeah and the Levite's horrific choices. The wickedness displayed in the city's demand for violence signals a deep societal collapse. This moral failing serves to highlight the chaotic nature of Israel's time without a king, prompting reflection on the need for justice.
justice
The theme of justice emerges in the Levite’s shocking response to his concubine’s abuse and death. His dismembering of her body and sending it throughout Israel is a grim call for accountability and action against injustice. This act captures the desperate need for restoration and justice amidst the prevailing moral chaos.
the treatment of the vulnerable
The treatment of the vulnerable is central to Judges 19, as the concubine becomes a victim of violence and betrayal. The Levite's disregard for her well-being underscores the societal neglect faced by women and the vulnerable during this period. This chapter reveals the dire consequences of failing to protect those who are most defenseless.
Cross-references
Passages that echo Judges 19
- Judges 20Judges 20 connects as it addresses the violent response from Israel to the atrocities committed in Gibeah, leading to civil conflict.
- Genesis 19Genesis 19 echoes the theme of hospitality and the dangers of perverse demands in a city, paralleling the wickedness in Gibeah.
- 2 Samuel 132 Samuel 13 develops the theme of sexual violence and its consequences, reflecting similar societal failures as in the Levite's narrative.
- Judges 18Judges 18 connects through themes of moral decline and the chaotic pursuit of personal desires over divine law.
- Ruth 3Ruth 3 contrasts with this chapter by showcasing positive hospitality and protection in the context of vulnerability.
- Judges 17Judges 17 develops the theme of individualism and moral ambiguity, setting a backdrop for the events that unfold in Judges 19.
Study questions
Questions for studying Judges 19
- What motivated the Levite to go after his concubine in Bethlehem?
- How does the hospitality of the father-in-law reflect cultural values?
- What does the Levite's refusal to stay in Jebus reveal about his character?
- How is the treatment of the concubine significant in the story?
- What is the significance of the Levite's actions after the concubine's death?
- How does this chapter illustrate the theme of moral decay in Israel?
- What responses do the tribes of Israel have to the Levite's message?
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