Matthew 23
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1Then Jesus spoke to the multitudes and to his disciples, 2saying, “The scribes and the Pharisees sat on Moses’ seat. 3All things therefore whatever they tell you to observe, observe and do, but don’t do their works; for they say, and don’t do. 4For they bind heavy burdens that are grievous to be borne, and lay them on men’s shoulders; but they themselves will not lift a finger to help them. 5But all their works they do to be seen by men. They make their phylacteries broad, enlarge the fringes of their garments, 6and love the place of honor at feasts, the best seats in the synagogues, 7the salutations in the marketplaces, and to be called ‘Rabbi, Rabbi’ by men. 8But don’t you be called ‘Rabbi,’ for one is your teacher, the Christ, and all of you are brothers. 9Call no man on the earth your father, for one is your Father, he who is in heaven. 10Neither be called masters, for one is your master, the Christ. 11But he who is greatest among you will be your servant. 12Whoever exalts himself will be humbled, and whoever humbles himself will be exalted. 13“Woe to you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! For you devour widows’ houses, and as a pretense you make long prayers. Therefore you will receive greater condemnation. 14“But woe to you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! Because you shut up the Kingdom of Heaven against men; for you don’t enter in yourselves, neither do you allow those who are entering in to enter. 15Woe to you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! For you travel around by sea and land to make one proselyte; and when he becomes one, you make him twice as much a son of Gehenna as yourselves. 16“Woe to you, you blind guides, who say, ‘Whoever swears by the temple, it is nothing; but whoever swears by the gold of the temple, he is obligated.’ 17You blind fools! For which is greater, the gold, or the temple that sanctifies the gold? 18‘Whoever swears by the altar, it is nothing; but whoever swears by the gift that is on it, he is obligated?’ 19You blind fools! For which is greater, the gift, or the altar that sanctifies the gift? 20He therefore who swears by the altar, swears by it, and by everything on it. 21He who swears by the temple, swears by it, and by him who has been living in it. 22He who swears by heaven, swears by the throne of God, and by him who sits on it. 23“Woe to you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! For you tithe mint, dill, and cumin, and have left undone the weightier matters of the law: justice, mercy, and faith. But you ought to have done these, and not to have left the other undone. 24You blind guides, who strain out a gnat, and swallow a camel! 25“Woe to you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! For you clean the outside of the cup and of the platter, but within they are full of extortion and unrighteousness. 26You blind Pharisee, first clean the inside of the cup and of the platter, that its outside may become clean also. 27“Woe to you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! For you are like whitened tombs, which outwardly appear beautiful, but inwardly are full of dead men’s bones, and of all uncleanness. 28Even so you also outwardly appear righteous to men, but inwardly you are full of hypocrisy and iniquity. 29“Woe to you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! For you build the tombs of the prophets, and decorate the tombs of the righteous, 30and say, ‘If we had lived in the days of our fathers, we wouldn’t have been partakers with them in the blood of the prophets.’ 31Therefore you testify to yourselves that you are children of those who killed the prophets. 32Fill up, then, the measure of your fathers. 33You serpents, you offspring of vipers, how will you escape the judgment of Gehenna? 34Therefore behold, I send to you prophets, wise men, and scribes. Some of them you will kill and crucify; and some of them you will scourge in your synagogues, and persecute from city to city; 35that on you may come all the righteous blood shed on the earth, from the blood of righteous Abel to the blood of Zachariah son of Barachiah, whom you killed between the sanctuary and the altar. 36Most certainly I tell you, all these things will come upon this generation. 37“Jerusalem, Jerusalem, who kills the prophets, and stones those who are sent to her! How often I would have gathered your children together, even as a hen gathers her chicks under her wings, and you would not! 38Behold, your house is left to you desolate. 39For I tell you, you will not see me from now on, until you say, ‘Blessed is he who comes in the name of the Lord!’”
World English Bible (public domain)
“"Woe to you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! For you tithe mint and dill and cumin, and have neglected the weightier matters of the law: justice and mercy and faithfulness. These you ought to have done, without neglecting the others."”
Matthew 23:23
Summary
In Matthew 23, Jesus delivers a stern rebuke to the scribes and Pharisees, condemning their hypocrisy and misuse of authority. He criticizes them for laying heavy burdens on others while not practicing what they preach. Jesus laments their hypocrisy, describing them as whitewashed tombs beautiful outside but full of death inside. He condemns them for blocking others from entering God’s kingdom and highlights their neglect of justice, mercy, and faithfulness. Through a series of woes, Jesus exposes their self-righteousness and the way they seek honor from men rather than God. He points out their superficial religiosity—tithing herbs while ignoring the weightier matters of the law. His rebuke reaches a climax as He mourns over Jerusalem for rejecting the prophets and His message, longing to gather the people as a hen gathers her chicks under her wings. Matthew 23 emphasizes the theme of genuine righteousness versus hypocritical religiosity. It calls into question the nature of true leadership and authority in the kingdom of God, highlighting the need for humility, sincerity, and justice. This chapter also foreshadows the coming judgment on those who reject Jesus and fail to live according to God's genuine standards.
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Chapter outline
How Matthew 23 unfolds
Matthew 23:1–3 Jesus Addresses the Multitudes
Jesus speaks to the crowds and his disciples about the authority of the scribes and Pharisees, instructing them to obey their words but not their practices.
Matthew 23:4–12 Critique of Religious Leaders
He condemns the religious leaders for their hypocrisy, highlighting their burdensome teachings and their craving for status and recognition.
Matthew 23:13–24 Woes Against the Scribes and Pharisees
Jesus issues a series of woes, denouncing the scribes and Pharisees for their actions that hinder others from entering God's kingdom.
Matthew 23:25–28 Outward vs. Inward Cleanliness
He compares the Pharisees to cleansed cups and whitewashed tombs, emphasizing their inner corruption despite outward appearances of righteousness.
Matthew 23:29–36 Condemnation of Jerusalem
Jesus mourns over Jerusalem, condemning its history of rejecting prophets and foretelling the coming judgment upon it.
Matthew 23:37–39 Jesus' Lament over Jerusalem
He expresses his longing to gather Jerusalem's people, lamenting their unwillingness to accept him, and declares their desolation.
Key verses
Matthew 23:23Matthew 23:23 encapsulates the chapter's focus on the essential qualities of justice, mercy, and faithfulness over mere ritual observance.
Main themes in Matthew 23
Hypocrisy
The theme of hypocrisy is central in Matthew 23 as Jesus repeatedly calls out the scribes and Pharisees as hypocrites in verses 13, 15, and 23. Their actions contrast sharply with their professed beliefs, revealing a disconnect between appearance and reality. This hypocrisy highlights the need for genuine faith and integrity among those who lead others.
True Righteousness
True righteousness is showcased as Jesus criticizes the superficial observance of the law in verses 23 and 24. He points out that the religious leaders focus on trivial matters while neglecting the weightier issues of justice, mercy, and faith, indicating a deeper understanding of God's intentions. This call to examine one's own faith practices underscores the importance of authenticity in living out one’s faith rather than merely adhering to ritualistic rules.
Judgment
The theme of judgment permeates the chapter, particularly in verses 33 and 36, where Jesus pronounces dire consequences for the religious leaders. He highlights their culpability in rejecting God's prophets, which leads to severe condemnation and serves to illustrate the gravity of accountability before God. This strong emphasis on judgment acts as a sobering warning to those who oppose divine truth and disregard their responsibilities in spiritual leadership.
Authority and Leadership
Authority and leadership are critiqued as Jesus redefines greatness in verses 11 and 12, emphasizing that true leaders must embody servanthood rather than pursue status. He contrasts the self-serving leadership of the Pharisees with the humble, servant-hearted leadership he exemplifies, challenging the existing norms of religious authority. This redefinition invites readers to reconsider their understanding of true leadership within the faith community and to prioritize service over ambition.
Cross-references
Passages that echo Matthew 23
- Proverbs 29This connects as both passages highlight the consequences of corrupt leadership and the burden it places on the people.
- Luke 11Luke echoes this chapter's themes by emphasizing the dangers of hypocrisy among religious leaders.
- Matthew 5This develops the call for genuine righteousness that surpasses mere legal observance, a theme found throughout both chapters.
- James 4James connects with this chapter by warning against pride and hypocrisy within the community of believers.
- 1 Samuel 15This passage echoes the theme of God’s displeasure with external rituals that lack true obedience and heartfelt devotion.
- Matthew 6Matthew 6 develops the contrast between true devotion to God and the performative piety criticized in this chapter.
Study questions
Questions for studying Matthew 23
- What specific burdens do the scribes and Pharisees place on the people?
- How does Jesus describe the outward appearance of the Pharisees?
- What does Jesus mean by 'weightier matters of the law'?
- How does Jesus’ lament reflect his desire for Jerusalem?
- What actions of the Pharisees exemplify their hypocrisy?
- In what ways does Jesus’ teaching challenge contemporary views of leadership?
- What implications does Jesus’ warning have for modern believers?
Matthew 23: frequently asked questions
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