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1 Samuel 16

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1Yahweh said to Samuel, “How long will you mourn for Saul, since I have rejected him from being king over Israel? Fill your horn with oil, and go. I will send you to Jesse the Bethlehemite; for I have provided a king for myself among his sons.” 2Samuel said, “How can I go? If Saul hears it, he will kill me.” Yahweh said, “Take a heifer with you, and say, I have come to sacrifice to Yahweh. 3Call Jesse to the sacrifice, and I will show you what you shall do. You shall anoint to me him whom I name to you.” 4Samuel did that which Yahweh spoke, and came to Bethlehem. The elders of the city came to meet him trembling, and said, “Do you come peaceably?” 5He said, “Peaceably; I have come to sacrifice to Yahweh. Sanctify yourselves, and come with me to the sacrifice.” He sanctified Jesse and his sons, and called them to the sacrifice. 6When they had come, he looked at Eliab, and said, “Surely Yahweh’s anointed is before him.” 7But Yahweh said to Samuel, “Don’t look on his face, or on the height of his stature, because I have rejected him; for I don’t see as man sees. For man looks at the outward appearance, but Yahweh looks at the heart.” 8Then Jesse called Abinadab, and made him pass before Samuel. He said, “Yahweh has not chosen this one, either.” 9Then Jesse made Shammah to pass by. He said, “Yahweh has not chosen this one, either.” 10Jesse made seven of his sons to pass before Samuel. Samuel said to Jesse, “Yahweh has not chosen these.” 11Samuel said to Jesse, “Are all your children here?” He said, “There remains yet the youngest. Behold, he is keeping the sheep.” Samuel said to Jesse, “Send and get him, for we will not sit down until he comes here.” 12He sent, and brought him in. Now he was ruddy, with a handsome face and good appearance. Yahweh said, “Arise! Anoint him, for this is he.” 13Then Samuel took the horn of oil, and anointed him in the middle of his brothers. Then Yahweh’s Spirit came mightily on David from that day forward. So Samuel rose up and went to Ramah. 14Now Yahweh’s Spirit departed from Saul, and an evil spirit from Yahweh troubled him. 15Saul’s servants said to him, “See now, an evil spirit from God troubles you. 16Let our lord now command your servants who are in front of you to seek out a man who is a skillful player on the harp. Then when the evil spirit from God is on you, he will play with his hand, and you will be well.” 17Saul said to his servants, “Provide me now a man who can play well, and bring him to me.” 18Then one of the young men answered, and said, “Behold, I have seen a son of Jesse the Bethlehemite who is skillful in playing, a mighty man of valor, a man of war, prudent in speech, and a handsome person; and Yahweh is with him.” 19Therefore Saul sent messengers to Jesse, and said, “Send me David your son, who is with the sheep.” 20Jesse took a donkey loaded with bread, and a bottle of wine, and a young goat, and sent them by David his son to Saul. 21David came to Saul, and stood before him. He loved him greatly; and he became his armor bearer. 22Saul sent to Jesse, saying, “Please let David stand before me; for he has found favor in my sight.” 23When the spirit from God was on Saul, David took the harp, and played with his hand; so Saul was refreshed, and was well, and the evil spirit departed from him.

World English Bible (public domain)

But the Lord said to Samuel, 'Do not consider his appearance or his height, for I have rejected him. The Lord does not look at the things people look at. People look at the outward appearance, but the Lord looks at the heart.'

1 Samuel 16:7

Summary

In 1 Samuel 16, God instructs Samuel to anoint David as the future king of Israel, signifying a shift from Saul's reign due to his disobedience. Samuel, initially hesitant, follows God's command and discovers that divine selection often contrasts with human expectations, as God looks at the heart rather than outward appearances. This chapter highlights God's sovereignty in choosing leaders and sets the stage for David's rise, emphasizing themes of faithfulness and divine purpose.

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Chapter outline

How 1 Samuel 16 unfolds

  1. 1 Samuel 16:1–3 God's Command to Samuel

    Yahweh instructs Samuel to anoint a new king from Jesse’s sons, indicating Saul's rejection as king.

  2. 1 Samuel 16:4–5 Samuel's Arrival in Bethlehem

    Samuel arrives in Bethlehem, where the elders meet him with apprehension, and he prepares to sacrifice.

  3. 1 Samuel 16:6–11 The Selection of David

    Samuel evaluates Jesse's sons, but Yahweh rejects them until David, the youngest, is brought in and chosen.

  4. 1 Samuel 16:12–13 David's Anointing

    David is anointed in front of his brothers, marking the beginning of Yahweh's Spirit empowering him.

  5. 1 Samuel 16:14–16 Saul's Troubling Spirit

    The Spirit of Yahweh departs from Saul, leading to distress from an evil spirit.

  6. 1 Samuel 16:17–22 David Becomes Saul's Armor Bearer

    Saul seeks a harpist, and David is recommended; he becomes favored and serves Saul.

  7. 1 Samuel 16:23 David's Music Relieves Saul

    David plays the harp for Saul, providing relief from the evil spirit troubling him.

Key verses

  • 1 Samuel 16:7The key verse underscores the chapter's focus on God's criteria for leadership, prioritizing inner character over external appearance.

Main themes in 1 Samuel 16

Divine Selection

The theme of Divine Selection is evident when Yahweh tells Samuel not to consider outward appearances in choosing a king, specifically in verse 7. This theme is complicated when David, the unexpected choice, is anointed over his more qualified brothers, emphasizing that God’s choices often defy human logic. Within the chapter, this serves to highlight God’s direct intervention in Israel's leadership.

Faithfulness

Faithfulness emerges prominently as Samuel demonstrates obedience to God's command, even in the face of his fears about Saul in verse 2. The chapter develops this theme through Samuel's initial hesitation and reluctance, illustrating the struggle between adhering to divine instruction and grappling with human emotions. This tension reveals a deeper truth about the nature of faithfulness, calling believers to trust in God's overarching plan, even when circumstances seem daunting or uncertain.

God's Sovereignty

God's Sovereignty is highlighted as He orchestrates the selection of David, noted in verse 12 when David is chosen unexpectedly. The narrative complicates this theme by showcasing the transition from Saul’s rule, emphasizing that God is in control of Israel's fate. This demonstrates that God’s authority shapes the course of history and leadership.

Cross-references

Passages that echo 1 Samuel 16

Study questions

Questions for studying 1 Samuel 16

  1. What were Samuel's initial feelings about anointing a new king?
  2. How does God instruct Samuel to evaluate Jesse's sons?
  3. Why is David chosen over his brothers according to the text?
  4. What role does the Spirit of God play in Saul's condition?
  5. How does David's presence affect Saul's emotional state?
  6. What does this chapter reveal about God's criteria for leadership?
  7. In what ways does this chapter foreshadow future events in David's life?

1 Samuel 16: frequently asked questions

What is 1 Samuel 16 about?+
In 1 Samuel 16, God instructs Samuel to anoint David as the future king of Israel, signifying a shift from Saul's reign due to his disobedience. Samuel, initially hesitant, follows God's command and discovers that divine selection often contrasts with human expectations, as God looks at the heart rather than outward appearances. This chapter highlights God's sovereignty in choosing leaders and sets the stage for David's rise, emphasizing themes of faithfulness and divine purpose.
What is the key verse in 1 Samuel 16?+
1 Samuel 16:7: "But the Lord said to Samuel, 'Do not consider his appearance or his height, for I have rejected him. The Lord does not look at the things people look at. People look at the outward appearance, but the Lord looks at the heart.'"
What are the main themes of 1 Samuel 16?+
The main themes of 1 Samuel 16 are Divine Selection, Faithfulness, God's Sovereignty.

Related chapters

Chapters that connect with 1 Samuel 16

Study Notes