ScriptureDepth's study of 2 Samuel 21
“He delivered them into the hands of the Gibeonites, and they hanged them on the mountain before Yahweh, and all seven of them fell together. They were put to death in the days of harvest, in the first days, at the beginning of barley harvest.”
2 Samuel 21:9
David delivers the seven sons of Saul to the Gibeonites, fulfilling their demand for atonement, which resolves the famine afflicting Israel and shows the gravity of Saul's actions.
What 2 Samuel 21 is about
During a prolonged famine, David seeks Yahweh's guidance and learns it is due to Saul’s actions against the Gibeonites (vv. 1-2). David engages the Gibeonites, asking how he can make atonement for Saul's atrocities. They request seven of Saul's descendants to be handed over (vv. 3-6). David spares Mephibosheth, Jonathan’s son, due to a previous oath with Jonathan (vv. 7-9). Rizpah mourns for the executed sons, guarding their bodies from animals (vv. 10-11). David retrieves the bones of Saul and Jonathan from Jabesh Gilead and buries them with honor, alongside the hanged men, bringing an end to the famine (vv. 12-14). David fights against the Philistines again, with Abishai saving him in battle (vv. 15-17). Additional conflicts yield victories over giants, including the brother of Goliath and a giant with six fingers and toes (vv. 18-22).
Rizpah's mourning and the retrieval of Saul and Jonathan's bones reveal a desire for honor and closure.
2 Samuel 21 at a glance
- 2 Samuel 21:1–2Famine and Divine Inquiry
- 2 Samuel 21:3–6Negotiation with the Gibeonites
- 2 Samuel 21:7–9Spared Life of Mephibosheth
- 2 Samuel 21:10–11Rizpah's Mourning
- 2 Samuel 21:12–14Burial of Saul and Jonathan
- 2 Samuel 21:15–17David Fights the Philistines
- 2 Samuel 21:18–22Victories Against Giants
Key verse: 2 Samuel 21:9
One thing to notice
Rizpah mourns for the hanged sons of Saul in v. 10, taking sackcloth and spreading it on a rock. She remains there, not allowing birds or beasts to touch their bodies until water 'poured on them from the sky' in v. 10.
Summary and study helps: AI-drafted (September 2026), checked by automated Scripture gates. Spotted an error? Report it. Fixes are listed on the corrections page.
Chapter text
Read 2 Samuel 21 (WEB)
Famine and Divine Inquiry 2 Samuel 21:1–2
1Verse 1. There was a famine in the days of David for three years, year after year; and David sought the face of Yahweh. Yahweh said, “It is for Saul, and for his bloody house, because he put the Gibeonites to death.” 2Verse 2. The king called the Gibeonites, and said to them (now the Gibeonites were not of the children of Israel, but of the remnant of the Amorites, and the children of Israel had sworn to them; and Saul sought to kill them in his zeal for the children of Israel and Judah);
Negotiation with the Gibeonites 2 Samuel 21:3–6
3Verse 3. and David said to the Gibeonites, “What should I do for you? And with what should I make atonement, that you may bless Yahweh’s inheritance?” 4Verse 4. The Gibeonites said to him, “It is no matter of silver or gold between us and Saul, or his house; neither is it for us to put any man to death in Israel.” He said, “Whatever you say, that I will do for you.” 5Verse 5. They said to the king, “The man who consumed us, and who devised against us, that we should be destroyed from remaining in any of the borders of Israel, 6Verse 6. let seven men of his sons be delivered to us, and we will hang them up to Yahweh in Gibeah of Saul, the chosen of Yahweh.” The king said, “I will give them.”
Spared Life of Mephibosheth 2 Samuel 21:7–9
7Verse 7. But the king spared Mephibosheth, the son of Jonathan the son of Saul, because of Yahweh’s oath that was between them, between David and Jonathan the son of Saul. 8Verse 8. But the king took the two sons of Rizpah the daughter of Aiah, whom she bore to Saul, Armoni and Mephibosheth; and the five sons of Michal the daughter of Saul, whom she bore to Adriel the son of Barzillai the Meholathite. 9Verse 9. He delivered them into the hands of the Gibeonites, and they hanged them on the mountain before Yahweh, and all seven of them fell together. They were put to death in the days of harvest, in the first days, at the beginning of barley harvest.
Rizpah's Mourning 2 Samuel 21:10–11
10Verse 10. Rizpah the daughter of Aiah took sackcloth, and spread it for herself on the rock, from the beginning of harvest until water poured on them from the sky. She allowed neither the birds of the sky to rest on them by day, nor the animals of the field by night. 11Verse 11. David was told what Rizpah the daughter of Aiah, the concubine of Saul, had done.
Burial of Saul and Jonathan 2 Samuel 21:12–14
12Verse 12. So David went and took the bones of Saul and the bones of Jonathan his son from the men of Jabesh Gilead, who had stolen them from the street of Beth Shan, where the Philistines had hanged them, in the day that the Philistines killed Saul in Gilboa; 13Verse 13. and he brought up from there the bones of Saul and the bones of Jonathan his son. They also gathered the bones of those who were hanged. 14Verse 14. They buried the bones of Saul and Jonathan his son in the country of Benjamin in Zela, in the tomb of Kish his father: and they performed all that the king commanded. After that, God answered prayer for the land.
David Fights the Philistines 2 Samuel 21:15–17
15Verse 15. The Philistines had war again with Israel; and David went down, and his servants with him, and fought against the Philistines. David grew faint; 16Verse 16. and Ishbibenob, who was of the sons of the giant, the weight of whose spear was three hundred shekels of brass in weight, he being armed with a new sword, thought he would kill David. 17Verse 17. But Abishai the son of Zeruiah helped him, and struck the Philistine, and killed him. Then the men of David swore to him, saying, “Don’t go out with us to battle any more, so that you don’t quench the lamp of Israel.”
Victories Against Giants 2 Samuel 21:18–22
18Verse 18. After this, that there was again war with the Philistines at Gob. Then Sibbecai the Hushathite killed Saph, who was of the sons of the giant. 19Verse 19. There was again war with the Philistines at Gob; and Elhanan the son of Jaare-Oregim the Bethlehemite killed Goliath the Gittite’s brother, the staff of whose spear was like a weaver’s beam. 20Verse 20. There was again war at Gath, where there was a man of great stature, who had six fingers on every hand, and six toes on every foot, twenty four in count; and he also was born to the giant. 21Verse 21. When he defied Israel, Jonathan the son of Shimei, David’s brother, killed him.
22Verse 22. These four were born to the giant in Gath; and they fell by the hand of David, and by the hand of his servants.
World English Bible (public domain)
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Main themes in 2 Samuel 21
Justice and Retribution
Justice and Retribution surfaces as David addresses the consequences of Saul's actions against the Gibeonites. In verses 3-6, after inquiry into the famine, the Gibeonites demand seven of Saul's sons for retribution, and David complies. This act serves to uphold accountability for Saul's past sins, demonstrating a response to the need for justice in the land.
Consequences of Sin
Consequences of Sin surface prominently in this chapter, particularly in relation to Saul's actions. In v. 1, the famine is revealed to be a punishment for 'Saul, and for his bloody house' due to his violation against the Gibeonites. This divine response highlights that sin has repercussions that affect not only the individual but also the broader community, as seen through the three years of famine.
God's Sovereignty
God's Sovereignty is evident through His involvement in the affairs of Israel, particularly after the burial of Saul and Jonathan. In verse 14, it is noted that God answered prayer for the land, indicating His active role in responding to the needs of His people. This moment illustrates God's authority over historical events and the consequences faced by Israel.
Community and Leadership
In vv. 10-11, Rizpah's mourning for her sons illustrates the bond between community and leadership in times of crisis. David learns of her actions and the distress caused by the executions, which prompts him to retrieve and honor the remains of Saul and Jonathan in vv. 12-14. This shows the responsibilities leaders hold to their people and the impact of their decisions on community well-being.
Chapter outline
How 2 Samuel 21 unfolds
2 Samuel 21:1–2 Famine and Divine Inquiry
A famine persists for three years, prompting David to seek Yahweh's guidance. Yahweh reveals that the famine is due to Saul's actions against the Gibeonites (v. 1).
2 Samuel 21:3–6 Negotiation with the Gibeonites
David calls the Gibeonites to discuss atonement for Saul's actions against them. They state their desire for justice rather than silver or gold, asking for the execution of seven descendants of Saul (vv. 3-6).
2 Samuel 21:7–9 Spared Life of Mephibosheth
David spares 'Mephibosheth, the son of Jonathan' because of 'Yahweh’s oath that was between them.' In contrast, he delivers 'the two sons of Rizpah' and 'the five sons of Michal' to the Gibeonites who execute them (vv. 7-9).
2 Samuel 21:10–11 Rizpah's Mourning
Rizpah mourns for the bodies of her sons, protecting them from animals and birds. She remains vigilant from the start of harvest until rain falls, showing her dedication (vv. 10-11).
2 Samuel 21:12–14 Burial of Saul and Jonathan
David retrieves the bones of Saul and Jonathan from Jabesh Gilead and buries them alongside the bones of those hanged. This act completes the memorial for Saul's family (vv. 12-14).
2 Samuel 21:15–17 David Fights the Philistines
David and his servants fight against the Philistines, where David grows faint. Ishbibenob, armed with a new sword, seeks to kill David, but Abishai 'helped him, and struck the Philistine, and killed him' (vv. 15-17).
2 Samuel 21:18–22 Victories Against Giants
In battles against the Philistines, 'Sibbecai the Hushathite killed Saph' and 'Elhanan...killed Goliath the Gittite’s brother.' Jonathan, David's brother, also kills a giant, leading to the defeat of four giants by David's men (vv. 18-22).
Key verses
2 Samuel 21:9David delivers the seven sons of Saul to the Gibeonites, fulfilling their demand for atonement, which resolves the famine afflicting Israel and shows the gravity of Saul's actions.
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Study questions
Questions for studying 2 Samuel 21
- observeIn v1, what does David seek from Yahweh during the famine?
- observeWhat specific punishment do the Gibeonites request in v6 for Saul's actions?
- interpretDavid's act of delivering seven men in v9 raises questions about justice: how does this align with God's mercy?
- interpretRizpah's actions in vv. 10-11 suggest a deep mourning: what does her refusal to allow animals to disturb the bodies signify?
- applyWhen have you felt compelled to advocate for someone who suffered unjustly, like Rizpah did?
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Cross-references
Passages that echo 2 Samuel 21
- 1 Samuel 172 Samuel 21:16 and 1 Samuel 17:4Both introduce a giant: 2 Samuel 21:16 Ishbibenob, armed with a new sword, thought he would kill David, while 1 Samuel 17:4 describes Goliath, a champion of the Philistines.
- 1 Chronicles 202 Samuel 21:19 and 1 Chronicles 20:5Both recount a battle: 2 Samuel 21:19 mentions Elhanan killing Goliath's brother, while 1 Chronicles 20:5 states Elhanan killed Lahmi, Goliath's brother.
- 1 Samuel 202 Samuel 21:7 and 1 Samuel 20:15Both discuss kindness to families: 2 Samuel 21:7 shows David sparing Mephibosheth for his oath, while 1 Samuel 20:15 emphasizes Jonathan's plea for kindness.
- 1 Samuel 182 Samuel 21:7 and 1 Samuel 18:3Both mention a covenant: 2 Samuel 21:7 refers to David and Jonathan's oath, while 1 Samuel 18:3 describes their covenant born from deep love.
- 1 Samuel 102 Samuel 21:6 and 1 Samuel 10:24Both reference a chosen king: 2 Samuel 21:6 discusses delivering Saul's sons to Yahweh, while 1 Samuel 10:24 shows the people acknowledging Saul as chosen.
- Deuteronomy 212 Samuel 21:10 and Deuteronomy 21:23Both discuss burial after hanging: 2 Samuel 21:10 shows Rizpah protecting the bodies, while Deuteronomy 21:23 instructs burial the same day.
Related chapters
Chapters that connect with 2 Samuel 21
Elsewhere on ScriptureDepth
Where to go from here
- 2 Samuel: the whole bookSecond Samuel is David's reign in two halves — ascent and unraveling — hinged on a single spring evening.
- Full Year Chronological Bible, day 102Day 102 of 365: 2 Samuel 21–23.
- RepentanceWhat the Bible says about repentance, with verses.
- Common Bible questionsThe questions people bring to Bible study, each answered from the text.
- Today's devotionalOne verse and a short reflection, new every morning.
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