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2 Samuel 21

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1There was a famine in the days of David for three years, year after year; and David sought the face of Yahweh. Yahweh said, “It is for Saul, and for his bloody house, because he put the Gibeonites to death.” 2The king called the Gibeonites, and said to them (now the Gibeonites were not of the children of Israel, but of the remnant of the Amorites, and the children of Israel had sworn to them; and Saul sought to kill them in his zeal for the children of Israel and Judah); 3and David said to the Gibeonites, “What should I do for you? And with what should I make atonement, that you may bless Yahweh’s inheritance?” 4The Gibeonites said to him, “It is no matter of silver or gold between us and Saul, or his house; neither is it for us to put any man to death in Israel.” He said, “Whatever you say, that I will do for you.” 5They said to the king, “The man who consumed us, and who devised against us, that we should be destroyed from remaining in any of the borders of Israel, 6let seven men of his sons be delivered to us, and we will hang them up to Yahweh in Gibeah of Saul, the chosen of Yahweh.” The king said, “I will give them.” 7But the king spared Mephibosheth, the son of Jonathan the son of Saul, because of Yahweh’s oath that was between them, between David and Jonathan the son of Saul. 8But the king took the two sons of Rizpah the daughter of Aiah, whom she bore to Saul, Armoni and Mephibosheth; and the five sons of Michal the daughter of Saul, whom she bore to Adriel the son of Barzillai the Meholathite. 9He delivered them into the hands of the Gibeonites, and they hanged them on the mountain before Yahweh, and all seven of them fell together. They were put to death in the days of harvest, in the first days, at the beginning of barley harvest. 10Rizpah the daughter of Aiah took sackcloth, and spread it for herself on the rock, from the beginning of harvest until water poured on them from the sky. She allowed neither the birds of the sky to rest on them by day, nor the animals of the field by night. 11David was told what Rizpah the daughter of Aiah, the concubine of Saul, had done. 12So David went and took the bones of Saul and the bones of Jonathan his son from the men of Jabesh Gilead, who had stolen them from the street of Beth Shan, where the Philistines had hanged them, in the day that the Philistines killed Saul in Gilboa; 13and he brought up from there the bones of Saul and the bones of Jonathan his son. They also gathered the bones of those who were hanged. 14They buried the bones of Saul and Jonathan his son in the country of Benjamin in Zela, in the tomb of Kish his father: and they performed all that the king commanded. After that, God answered prayer for the land. 15The Philistines had war again with Israel; and David went down, and his servants with him, and fought against the Philistines. David grew faint; 16and Ishbibenob, who was of the sons of the giant, the weight of whose spear was three hundred shekels of brass in weight, he being armed with a new sword, thought he would kill David. 17But Abishai the son of Zeruiah helped him, and struck the Philistine, and killed him. Then the men of David swore to him, saying, “Don’t go out with us to battle any more, so that you don’t quench the lamp of Israel.” 18After this, that there was again war with the Philistines at Gob. Then Sibbecai the Hushathite killed Saph, who was of the sons of the giant. 19There was again war with the Philistines at Gob; and Elhanan the son of Jaare-Oregim the Bethlehemite killed Goliath the Gittite’s brother, the staff of whose spear was like a weaver’s beam. 20There was again war at Gath, where there was a man of great stature, who had six fingers on every hand, and six toes on every foot, twenty four in count; and he also was born to the giant. 21When he defied Israel, Jonathan the son of Shimei, David’s brother, killed him. 22These four were born to the giant in Gath; and they fell by the hand of David, and by the hand of his servants.

World English Bible (public domain)

And David gave them the sons of Saul, and they hanged them on the mountain before the LORD, and the seven of them perished together. They were put to death in the first days of harvest, at the beginning of barley harvest.

2 Samuel 21:9

Summary

In 2 Samuel chapter 21, the narrative presents a series of events during David's reign that highlight issues of justice, retribution, and God’s sovereignty. The chapter begins with a famine in the land lasting three years, prompting David to seek the Lord's counsel, which reveals that the famine is a consequence of Saul's actions against the Gibeonites. To atone for Saul's sin, David negotiates with the Gibeonites, ultimately handing over seven of Saul's descendants for execution, emphasizing the severe repercussions of sin upon future generations. This act of retribution serves as a sobering reminder of the gravity of unjust actions and the importance of seeking restoration with God and others. The second part of the chapter transitions to recounting David's battles with the Philistines, where we see David's warriors, like Abishai and Benaiah, emerge as valiant fighters. This section portrays the continued conflict between Israel and the Philistines, reflecting the persistent struggles faced by David’s kingdom. However, it also affirms God's support for David through the bravery of his men and highlights the significance of unity in facing common challenges. Overall, the chapter delicately balances themes of justice and divine mercy, urging readers to acknowledge the historical intricacies of sin's consequences while also celebrating God's providential care and the strength found within community. David's leadership is challenged, yet it illustrates the complex relationship between leaders and their people, and the need for moral accountability in governance. This chapter stands as a reminder of the enduring impact of sin and the overarching theme of redemption amidst conflict.

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Chapter outline

How 2 Samuel 21 unfolds

  1. 2 Samuel 21:1–2 Famine and Divine Inquiry

    A three-year famine prompts David to seek God's guidance, revealing that it is due to Saul's actions against the Gibeonites.

  2. 2 Samuel 21:3–6 Negotiation with the Gibeonites

    David asks the Gibeonites how to atone for Saul's sin, leading them to request the execution of seven of Saul's descendants.

  3. 2 Samuel 21:7–9 Spared Life of Mephibosheth

    David spares Mephibosheth due to his covenant with Jonathan, but delivers the other seven for execution as requested.

  4. 2 Samuel 21:10–11 Rizpah's Mourning

    Rizpah mourns for the executed sons, protecting their bodies from animals, demonstrating deep devotion and grief.

  5. 2 Samuel 21:12–14 Burial of Saul and Jonathan

    David retrieves the bones of Saul and Jonathan for burial, fulfilling his duty to honor them and restoring dignity.

  6. 2 Samuel 21:15–17 David Fights the Philistines

    David engages in battle with the Philistines again, showing his ongoing leadership despite his growing weakness.

  7. 2 Samuel 21:18–22 Victories Against Giants

    David's warriors continue to defeat giants, showcasing their strength and David’s leadership amidst ongoing conflict.

Key verses

  • 2 Samuel 21:9The key verse encapsulates the chapter's focus on the severe consequences of sin and the need for justice.

Main themes in 2 Samuel 21

Justice and Retribution

The theme of justice surfaces in David's action of delivering Saul's descendants to the Gibeonites for execution. This act emphasizes the consequences of Saul's previous injustices against them, illustrating a link between past sins and present suffering. Within the chapter's broader narrative, it reflects the seriousness of sin and the need for communal atonement.

Consequences of Sin

The consequences of sin are prominently illustrated in 2 Samuel 21, particularly in verses 1-2, where a severe famine is said to be a direct result of Saul's earlier actions against the Gibeonites. The chapter develops this theme as David seeks to remedy the situation by executing seven of Saul's descendants, thus highlighting how the repercussions of one person’s sin can extend through generations. This narrative emphasizes the necessity of accountability and the profound effects that leadership decisions can have on both the immediate community and the broader historical context.

God's Sovereignty

God's sovereignty is highlighted by His role in revealing the cause of the famine to David, indicating His control over Israel's circumstances. The chapter illustrates how divine justice operates, as the Gibeonites' request aligns with God’s will for retribution against Saul’s house. Ultimately, it affirms that God remains active and involved in the affairs of His people.

Community and Leadership

Community and leadership are demonstrated through David's negotiation with the Gibeonites and his relationship with his warriors. David’s decisions impact the entire community, showing how leadership involves moral responsibility and the need for reconciliation. The chapter exemplifies the dynamics of leadership in conflict and the strength found in community unity.

Cross-references

Passages that echo 2 Samuel 21

Study questions

Questions for studying 2 Samuel 21

  1. What was the cause of the famine during David's reign?
  2. How did David respond to the Gibeonites' request?
  3. What significance does Rizpah's mourning hold in the narrative?
  4. Who were the warriors that fought alongside David against the Philistines?
  5. Why did David spare Mephibosheth while handing over others?
  6. What does the retrieval of Saul and Jonathan’s bones signify in the context of Israel?
  7. How do the battles with the Philistines reflect on David's kingship?

2 Samuel 21: frequently asked questions

What is 2 Samuel 21 about?+
In 2 Samuel chapter 21, the narrative presents a series of events during David's reign that highlight issues of justice, retribution, and God’s sovereignty. The chapter begins with a famine in the land lasting three years, prompting David to seek the Lord's counsel, which reveals that the famine is a consequence of Saul's actions against the Gibeonites. To atone for Saul's sin, David negotiates with the Gibeonites, ultimately handing over seven of Saul's descendants for execution, emphasizing the severe repercussions of sin upon future generations. This act of retribution serves as a sobering reminder of the gravity of unjust actions and the importance of seeking restoration with God and others. The second part of the chapter transitions to recounting David's battles with the Philistines, where we see David's warriors, like Abishai and Benaiah, emerge as valiant fighters. This section portrays the continued conflict between Israel and the Philistines, reflecting the persistent struggles faced by David’s kingdom. However, it also affirms God's support for David through the bravery of his men and highlights the significance of unity in facing common challenges. Overall, the chapter delicately balances themes of justice and divine mercy, urging readers to acknowledge the historical intricacies of sin's consequences while also celebrating God's providential care and the strength found within community. David's leadership is challenged, yet it illustrates the complex relationship between leaders and their people, and the need for moral accountability in governance. This chapter stands as a reminder of the enduring impact of sin and the overarching theme of redemption amidst conflict.
What is the key verse in 2 Samuel 21?+
2 Samuel 21:9: "And David gave them the sons of Saul, and they hanged them on the mountain before the LORD, and the seven of them perished together. They were put to death in the first days of harvest, at the beginning of barley harvest."
What are the main themes of 2 Samuel 21?+
The main themes of 2 Samuel 21 are Justice and Retribution, Consequences of Sin, God's Sovereignty, Community and Leadership.

Related chapters

Chapters that connect with 2 Samuel 21

Study Notes