Exodus 21
Read Exodus 21 (WEB)+
1“Now these are the ordinances which you shall set before them. 2“If you buy a Hebrew servant, he shall serve six years and in the seventh he shall go out free without paying anything. 3If he comes in by himself, he shall go out by himself. If he is married, then his wife shall go out with him. 4If his master gives him a wife and she bears him sons or daughters, the wife and her children shall be her master’s, and he shall go out by himself. 5But if the servant shall plainly say, ‘I love my master, my wife, and my children. I will not go out free;’ 6then his master shall bring him to God, and shall bring him to the door or to the doorpost, and his master shall bore his ear through with an awl, and he shall serve him for ever. 7“If a man sells his daughter to be a female servant, she shall not go out as the male servants do. 8If she doesn’t please her master, who has married her to himself, then he shall let her be redeemed. He shall have no right to sell her to a foreign people, since he has dealt deceitfully with her. 9If he marries her to his son, he shall deal with her as a daughter. 10If he takes another wife to himself, he shall not diminish her food, her clothing, and her marital rights. 11If he doesn’t do these three things for her, she may go free without paying any money. 12“One who strikes a man so that he dies shall surely be put to death, 13but not if it is unintentional, but God allows it to happen: then I will appoint you a place where he shall flee. 14If a man schemes and comes presumptuously on his neighbor to kill him, you shall take him from my altar, that he may die. 15“Anyone who attacks his father or his mother shall be surely put to death. 16“Anyone who kidnaps someone and sells him, or if he is found in his hand, he shall surely be put to death. 17“Anyone who curses his father or his mother shall surely be put to death. 18“If men quarrel and one strikes the other with a stone, or with his fist, and he doesn’t die, but is confined to bed; 19if he rises again and walks around with his staff, then he who struck him shall be cleared: only he shall pay for the loss of his time, and shall provide for his healing until he is thoroughly healed. 20“If a man strikes his servant or his maid with a rod, and he dies under his hand, he shall surely be punished. 21Notwithstanding, if he gets up after a day or two, he shall not be punished, for he is his property. 22“If men fight and hurt a pregnant woman so that she gives birth prematurely, and yet no harm follows, he shall be surely fined as much as the woman’s husband demands and the judges allow. 23But if any harm follows, then you must take life for life, 24eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot, 25burning for burning, wound for wound, and bruise for bruise. 26“If a man strikes his servant’s eye, or his maid’s eye, and destroys it, he shall let him go free for his eye’s sake. 27If he strikes out his male servant’s tooth, or his female servant’s tooth, he shall let him go free for his tooth’s sake. 28“If a bull gores a man or a woman to death, the bull shall surely be stoned, and its meat shall not be eaten; but the owner of the bull shall not be held responsible. 29But if the bull had a habit of goring in the past, and it has been testified to its owner, and he has not kept it in, but it has killed a man or a woman, the bull shall be stoned, and its owner shall also be put to death. 30If a ransom is laid on him, then he shall give for the redemption of his life whatever is laid on him. 31Whether it has gored a son or has gored a daughter, according to this judgment it shall be done to him. 32If the bull gores a male servant or a female servant, thirty shekels of silver shall be given to their master, and the ox shall be stoned. 33“If a man opens a pit, or if a man digs a pit and doesn’t cover it, and a bull or a donkey falls into it, 34the owner of the pit shall make it good. He shall give money to its owner, and the dead animal shall be his. 35“If one man’s bull injures another’s, so that it dies, then they shall sell the live bull, and divide its price; and they shall also divide the dead animal. 36Or if it is known that the bull was in the habit of goring in the past, and its owner has not kept it in, he shall surely pay bull for bull, and the dead animal shall be his own.
World English Bible (public domain)
“But if the servant declares, 'I love my master, my wife, and my children; I will not go out free,'”
Exodus 21:5
Summary
Exodus chapter 21 presents various laws regarding social justice, personal injury, and the treatment of servants among the Israelites. It sets out regulations that govern the lives of the people in their community, reflecting God's concern for justice and righteousness. The chapter opens with specific ordinances regarding Hebrew servants, including their servitude duration and the conditions under which they should be released, emphasizing a balance between economic needs and humane treatment. The laws concerning personal injury highlight the principle of 'an eye for an eye,' illustrating the importance of proportional justice within the community. Moreover, the chapter addresses issues of property rights and liability, providing guidelines to maintain order and fairness in society. These regulations are not merely punitive but seek restoration and reconciliation among individuals.
Go deeper
Ask the AI about Exodus 21
Bring your question about the chapter, the key verse, or how this passage fits the rest of Scripture.
Daily Scripture study
Get a short devotional by email
One passage, one reflection, and one practical question for the day.
Studying Exodus with a print Bible beside you? See our picks for the best study Bibles for beginners.
Chapter outline
How Exodus 21 unfolds
Exodus 21:1–6 Ordinances for Hebrew Servants
The chapter opens with rules for Hebrew servants, including a six-year service period, emphasizing humane treatment. If a servant chooses to stay, a ritual marks their lifelong commitment.
Exodus 21:7–11 Regulations for Female Servants
Laws regarding female servants stipulate their treatment and rights, particularly regarding marriage and potential redemption, highlighting gender differences in servitude.
Exodus 21:12–17 Laws on Personal Injury
The chapter transitions to personal injury laws, establishing severe consequences for actions like murder and cursing parents, affirming family honor and societal order.
Exodus 21:18–27 Rules for Injuries and Compensation
Laws of compensation emerge, detailing restitution for injuries and emphasizing proportionality, ensuring fair treatment for servants in injury cases.
Exodus 21:28–36 Liability for Property Damage
The final section addresses liability for property damage caused by animals, establishing accountability and the need for restitution to maintain community justice.
Key verses
Exodus 21:5Exodus 21:5 illustrates the profound choice of loyalty and love over freedom, capturing the chapter's focus on relationships and commitments.
Main themes in Exodus 21
Social justice
Exodus 21 highlights social justice through laws that govern the treatment of servants, particularly in verses 2-11. These verses outline clear guidelines for the humane treatment of individuals who serve others, indicating God's concern for the dignity of vulnerable people. This emphasis on fair treatment aligns with the broader principles of justice that are essential for a healthy and equitable Israelite community.
Slavery and servitude
The theme of slavery and servitude is prominently presented in verses 2-6, which outline the terms and conditions for Hebrew servitude. These laws seek to establish protections for servants, reflecting a nuanced understanding of their situation and the economic realities faced by families. This balance highlights the moral obligations of the community towards those in servitude, acknowledging their humanity while addressing practical needs.
Proportional justice
Proportional justice emerges as a significant theme in verses 23-25, where the principle of 'an eye for an eye' is articulated. This principle establishes that penalties should be commensurate with the offenses committed, ensuring that justice is applied fairly and consistently. By promoting equal retribution, the chapter underscores the importance of fairness as a foundational aspect of community life and social order.
Community responsibility
Community responsibility is emphasized throughout Exodus 21, particularly in the regulations regarding property and personal injury found in verses 28-36. These laws highlight the necessity for individuals to be accountable for their actions and to care for one another within the community. By promoting mutual responsibility, the chapter fosters a collective commitment to maintaining justice and order among the people.
Cross-references
Passages that echo Exodus 21
- Exodus 20Exodus 21 builds on the moral framework established in Exodus 20, further detailing the application of the Ten Commandments.
- Numbers 35Numbers 35 connects by expanding on cities of refuge for unintentional killings, emphasizing protection and justice.
- Exodus 22Exodus 22 echoes similar themes of property rights and restitution, reinforcing community law principles.
- Deuteronomy 15Deuteronomy 15 develops the concept of releasing servants, highlighting social justice and mercy in economic relations.
- Deuteronomy 19Deuteronomy 19 connects through the establishment of cities of refuge, underscoring the need for justice and due process.
- Genesis 9Genesis 9 echoes the gravity of life and death matters, establishing foundational principles for justice and accountability.
Study questions
Questions for studying Exodus 21
- What are the conditions under which a Hebrew servant can be released?
- How does the treatment of female servants differ from male servants?
- What is the significance of the phrase 'eye for eye' in this context?
- How does the law address injuries to pregnant women?
- What responsibilities do owners have regarding their animals that cause harm?
- In what ways do these laws reflect community values of justice and fairness?
Exodus 21: frequently asked questions
What is Exodus 21 about?+
What is the key verse in Exodus 21?+
What are the main themes of Exodus 21?+
Related chapters