ScriptureDepth's study of Ezekiel 23
“Therefore thus says the Lord Yahweh: ‘Because you have forgotten me, and cast me behind your back, therefore you also bear your lewdness and your prostitution.’”
Ezekiel 23:35
Yahweh speaks to Oholibah, declaring that her actions have consequences, as she must bear her 'lewdness' and 'prostitution' for forgetting Him.
What Ezekiel 23 is about
Yahweh speaks to Ezekiel about two sisters, Oholah and Oholibah, who are daughters of one mother (vv. 1-4). They played the prostitute in Egypt, and Oholah is likened to Samaria. Oholah became infatuated with Assyrian men and did not turn back from her ways (vv. 5-10). Her sister Oholibah, representing Jerusalem, saw this yet was more corrupt in her actions (vv. 11-14). Oholibah lusted after the Chaldeans and sent for them, furthering her prostitution (vv. 15-21). Yahweh declares that judgment will come against Oholibah from her lovers, resulting in severe consequences (vv. 22-30). Oholibah will drink from the cup of her sister's judgment and suffer great humiliation (vv. 31-41). The chapter ends with a declaration of judgment, and the intention to teach all women not to be lewd like her (vv. 42-49).
Yahweh declares, 'Then you will know that I am the Lord Yahweh'.
Ezekiel 23 at a glance
- Ezekiel 23:1–4Introduction of Oholah and Oholibah
- Ezekiel 23:5–10Oholah's Infidelity
- Ezekiel 23:11–14Oholibah's Worse Actions
- Ezekiel 23:15–21Oholibah's Further Prostitution
- Ezekiel 23:22–30Judgment Against Oholibah
- Ezekiel 23:31–41The Cup of Judgment
- Ezekiel 23:42–49Final Judgment and Consequences
Key verse: Ezekiel 23:35
One thing to notice
Judgment imagery is present in verses 22-30, particularly with the phrase 'I will raise up your lovers against you' in verse 22. This judgment is framed as a consequence of the sisters' actions and idolatry throughout the text.
Summary and study helps: AI-drafted (September 2026), checked by automated Scripture gates. Spotted an error? Report it. Fixes are listed on the corrections page.
Chapter text
Read Ezekiel 23 (WEB)
Introduction of Oholah and Oholibah Ezekiel 23:1–4
1Verse 1. Yahweh’s word came again to me, saying, 2Verse 2. “Son of man, there were two women, the daughters of one mother. 3Verse 3. They played the prostitute in Egypt. They played the prostitute in their youth. Their breasts were fondled there, and their youthful nipples were caressed there. 4Verse 4. Their names were Oholah the elder, and Oholibah her sister. They became mine, and they bore sons and daughters. As for their names, Samaria is Oholah, and Jerusalem Oholibah.
Oholah's Infidelity Ezekiel 23:5–10
5Verse 5. “Oholah played the prostitute when she was mine. She doted on her lovers, on the Assyrians her neighbors, 6Verse 6. who were clothed with blue, governors and rulers, all of them desirable young men, horsemen riding on horses. 7Verse 7. She gave herself as a prostitute to them, all of them the choicest men of Assyria. She defiled herself with the idols of whoever she lusted after. 8Verse 8. She hasn’t left her prostitution since leaving Egypt; for in her youth they lay with her. They carressed her youthful nipples; and they poured out their prostitution on her. 9Verse 9. “Therefore I delivered her into the hand of her lovers, into the hand of the Assyrians, on whom she doted.
10Verse 10. These uncovered her nakedness. They took her sons and her daughters; and they killed her with the sword. She became a byword among women; for they executed judgments on her.
Oholibah's Worse Actions Ezekiel 23:11–14
11Verse 11. “Her sister Oholibah saw this, yet she was more corrupt in her lusting than she, and in her prostitution which was more depraved than the prostitution of her sister. 12Verse 12. She lusted after the Assyrians, governors and rulers, her neighbors, clothed most gorgeously, horsemen riding on horses, all of them desirable young men. 13Verse 13. I saw that she was defiled. They both went the same way. 14Verse 14. “She increased her prostitution; for she saw men portrayed on the wall, the images of the Chaldeans portrayed with red,
Oholibah's Further Prostitution Ezekiel 23:15–21
15Verse 15. dressed with belts on their waists, with flowing turbans on their heads, all of them looking like princes, after the likeness of the Babylonians in Chaldea, the land of their birth. 16Verse 16. As soon as she saw them, she lusted after them and sent messengers to them into Chaldea. 17Verse 17. The Babylonians came to her into the bed of love, and they defiled her with their prostitution. She was polluted with them, and her soul was alienated from them. 18Verse 18. So she uncovered her prostitution and uncovered her nakedness. Then my soul was alienated from her, just like my soul was alienated from her sister.
19Verse 19. Yet she multiplied her prostitution, remembering the days of her youth, in which she had played the prostitute in the land of Egypt. 20Verse 20. She lusted after their lovers, whose flesh is as the flesh of donkeys, and whose issue is like the issue of horses. 21Verse 21. Thus you called to memory the lewdness of your youth, in the caressing of your nipples by the Egyptians because of your youthful breasts.
Judgment Against Oholibah Ezekiel 23:22–30
22Verse 22. “Therefore, Oholibah, thus says the Lord Yahweh: ‘Behold, I will raise up your lovers against you, from whom your soul is alienated, and I will bring them against you on every side: 23Verse 23. the Babylonians and all the Chaldeans, Pekod, Shoa, Koa, and all the Assyrians with them; all of them desirable young men, governors and rulers, princes and men of renown, all of them riding on horses. 24Verse 24. They will come against you with weapons, chariots, and wagons, and with a company of peoples. They will set themselves against you with buckler, shield, and helmet all around. I will commit the judgment to them, and they will judge you according to their judgments.
25Verse 25. I will set my jealousy against you, and they will deal with you in fury. They will take away your nose and your ears. Your remnant will fall by the sword. They will take your sons and your daughters; and the rest of you will be devoured by the fire. 26Verse 26. They will also strip you of your clothes, and take away your beautiful jewels. 27Verse 27. Thus I will make your lewdness to cease from you, and remove your prostitution from the land of Egypt; so that you will not lift up your eyes to them, nor remember Egypt any more.’ 28Verse 28. “For thus says the Lord Yahweh: ‘Behold, I will deliver you into the hand of them whom you hate, into the hand of them from whom your soul is alienated.
29Verse 29. They will deal with you in hatred, and will take away all your labor, and will leave you naked and bare. The nakedness of your prostitution will be uncovered, both your lewdness and your prostitution. 30Verse 30. These things will be done to you, because you have played the prostitute after the nations, and because you are polluted with their idols.
The Cup of Judgment Ezekiel 23:31–41
31Verse 31. You have walked in the way of your sister; therefore will I give her cup into your hand.’ 32Verse 32. “Thus says the Lord Yahweh: ‘You will drink of your sister’s cup, which is deep and large. You will be ridiculed and held in derision. It contains much. 33Verse 33. You will be filled with drunkenness and sorrow, with the cup of astonishment and desolation, with the cup of your sister Samaria. 34Verse 34. You will even drink it and drain it out. You will gnaw the broken pieces of it, and will tear your breasts; for I have spoken it,’ says the Lord Yahweh. 35Verse 35. “Therefore thus says the Lord Yahweh: ‘Because you have forgotten me, and cast me behind your back, therefore you also bear your lewdness and your prostitution.’”
36Verse 36. Yahweh said moreover to me: “Son of man, will you judge Oholah and Oholibah? Then declare to them their abominations. 37Verse 37. For they have committed adultery, and blood is in their hands. They have committed adultery with their idols. They have also caused their sons, whom they bore to me, to pass through the fire to them to be devoured. 38Verse 38. Moreover this they have done to me: they have defiled my sanctuary in the same day, and have profaned my Sabbaths. 39Verse 39. For when they had slain their children to their idols, then they came the same day into my sanctuary to profane it; and behold, they have done this in the middle of my house.
40Verse 40. “Furthermore you sisters have sent for men who come from far away, to whom a messenger was sent, and behold, they came; for whom you washed yourself, painted your eyes, decorated yourself with ornaments, 41Verse 41. and sat on a stately bed, with a table prepared before it, whereupon you set my incense and my oil.
Final Judgment and Consequences Ezekiel 23:42–49
42Verse 42. “The voice of a multitude being at ease was with her. With men of the common sort were brought drunkards from the wilderness; and they put bracelets on their hands, and beautiful crowns on their heads. 43Verse 43. Then I said of her who was old in adulteries, ‘Now they will play the prostitute with her, and she with them.’ 44Verse 44. They went in to her, as they go in to a prostitute. So they went in to Oholah and to Oholibah, the lewd women. 45Verse 45. Righteous men will judge them with the judgment of adulteresses and with the judgment of women who shed blood; because they are adulteresses, and blood is in their hands.
46Verse 46. “For thus says the Lord Yahweh: ‘I will bring up a mob against them, and will give them to be tossed back and forth and robbed. 47Verse 47. The company will stone them with stones, and dispatch them with their swords. They will kill their sons and their daughters, and burn up their houses with fire. 48Verse 48. “‘Thus I will cause lewdness to cease out of the land, that all women may be taught not to be lewd like you. 49Verse 49. They will recompense your lewdness on you, and you will bear the sins of your idols. Then you will know that I am the Lord Yahweh.’”
World English Bible (public domain)
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Main themes in Ezekiel 23
spiritual infidelity
Ezekiel 23 portrays Oholah and Oholibah as engaging in spiritual infidelity, particularly in verses 5-10. Oholah is described as having played the prostitute, drawn to the Assyrians and defiling herself with their idols. The narrative progresses from their acts of betrayal to the subsequent judgments pronounced upon them, illustrating the severe consequences that arise from their unfaithfulness to Yahweh.
judgment
Judgment is a central theme in Ezekiel 23, particularly in verses 22-24. Here, Yahweh declares, 'I will raise up your lovers against you' and describes how they will execute judgment and devastation upon Oholibah. The chapter progresses from detailing the women's actions to pronounced consequences, illustrating the inevitability of divine judgment.
idolatry
Idolatry is a central theme in Ezekiel 23, prominently depicted in verses 37-39. The actions of Oholah and Oholibah include committing adultery with their idols, leading to the defilement of Yahweh's sanctuary. This chapter details their worship of foreign gods, culminating in a prophetic declaration of severe judgments that result from their idolatrous practices, reinforcing the seriousness of turning away from Yahweh.
covenant unfaithfulness
Covenant unfaithfulness arises through the actions of Oholah and Oholibah, as seen in verses 30-31. They are charged with 'played the prostitute after the nations' and have walked 'in the way of your sister,' illustrating their breach of covenant with Yahweh. The chapter transitions from their infidelity to the severe repercussions they will face for breaking their covenant obligations.
Chapter outline
How Ezekiel 23 unfolds
Ezekiel 23:1–4 Introduction of Oholah and Oholibah
Yahweh speaks to Ezekiel, introducing two women, Oholah and Oholibah, who represent Samaria and Jerusalem, respectively (vv. 2-4). They share a common origin and have both engaged in unfaithfulness.
Ezekiel 23:5–10 Oholah's Infidelity
Oholah, representing Samaria, engages in idolatry and lust after Assyrian men, thus defiling herself (vv. 5-7). Yahweh ultimately delivers her into the hands of her lovers as punishment (v. 9).
Ezekiel 23:11–14 Oholibah's Worse Actions
Oholibah sees Oholah's fate but acts even more corruptly, lusting after Assyrians and Chaldeans, and sharing in the same sinful practices (vv. 11-13). Both women follow similar paths of infidelity.
Ezekiel 23:15–21 Oholibah's Further Prostitution
Oholibah's infidelity deepens as she actively seeks out Chaldean men, leading to her further defilement (vv. 15-17). Her actions provoke Yahweh's alienation from her, paralleling that of Oholah.
Ezekiel 23:22–30 Judgment Against Oholibah
Yahweh declares judgment on Oholibah, promising to raise up her lovers against her, leading to her destruction (vv. 22-24). This judgment includes severe consequences, such as loss and humiliation.
Ezekiel 23:31–41 The Cup of Judgment
Oholibah is told she will drink from the 'cup' of her sister, which contains 'drunkenness and sorrow' (vv. 31-34). She is warned of the judgment for her idolatry and the violence against her children.
Ezekiel 23:42–49 Final Judgment and Consequences
A multitude brings 'drunkards' to Oholah and Oholibah, and both women engage in prostitution (vv. 42-43). Righteous men will judge them, leading to their destruction, as their lewdness will be punished and cease from the land.
Key verses
Ezekiel 23:35Yahweh speaks to Oholibah, declaring that her actions have consequences, as she must bear her 'lewdness' and 'prostitution' for forgetting Him.
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Study questions
Questions for studying Ezekiel 23
- observeIn v6, why does Oholah give herself to the Assyrians?
- observeWhat does Oholibah do in v12 that shows her desire for the Assyrians?
- interpretIn v18, why does God say His soul was 'alienated' from Oholibah?
- interpretIn v39, what does it mean that they profaned the sanctuary while sacrificing children?
- applyWhen have you felt 'alienated' due to choices you made about relationships?
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Cross-references
Passages that echo Ezekiel 23
- Ezekiel 16Ezekiel 23:4 and Ezekiel 16:46Both name a sister: Ezekiel 23:4 states, 'Their names were Oholah and Oholibah,' while Ezekiel 16:46 says, 'Your elder sister is Samaria.'
- Ezekiel 20Ezekiel 23:38 and Ezekiel 20:13Both discuss profaning: Ezekiel 23:38 declares, 'They have defiled my sanctuary,' while Ezekiel 20:13 states, 'They greatly profaned my Sabbaths.'
- Hosea 2Ezekiel 23:45 and Hosea 2:2Both address adultery: Ezekiel 23:45 states, 'Because they are adulteresses,' while Hosea 2:2 says, 'Let her put away her prostitution.'
- Ezekiel 22Ezekiel 23:38 and Ezekiel 22:8Both mention profaning: Ezekiel 23:38 states, 'They have profaned my Sabbaths,' while Ezekiel 22:8 declares, 'You have profaned my Sabbaths.'
- Jeremiah 3Ezekiel 23:11 and Jeremiah 3:11Both speak of unfaithfulness: Ezekiel 23:11 notes, 'She was more corrupt in her lusting,' while Jeremiah 3:11 states, 'Backsliding Israel has shown herself more righteous.'
- Ezekiel 24Ezekiel 23:47 and Ezekiel 24:21Both describe death: Ezekiel 23:47 states, 'They will kill their sons and daughters,' while Ezekiel 24:21 declares, 'Your sons and daughters will fall by the sword.'
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