Judges 1
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1After the death of Joshua, the children of Israel asked of Yahweh, saying, “Who should go up for us first against the Canaanites, to fight against them?” 2Yahweh said, “Judah shall go up. Behold, I have delivered the land into his hand.” 3Judah said to Simeon his brother, “Come up with me into my lot, that we may fight against the Canaanites; and I likewise will go with you into your lot.” So Simeon went with him. 4Judah went up, and Yahweh delivered the Canaanites and the Perizzites into their hand. They struck ten thousand men in Bezek. 5They found Adoni-Bezek in Bezek, and they fought against him. They struck the Canaanites and the Perizzites. 6But Adoni-Bezek fled. They pursued him, caught him, and cut off his thumbs and his big toes. 7Adoni-Bezek said, “Seventy kings, having their thumbs and their big toes cut off, scavenged under my table. As I have done, so God has done to me.” They brought him to Jerusalem, and he died there. 8The children of Judah fought against Jerusalem, took it, struck it with the edge of the sword, and set the city on fire. 9After that, the children of Judah went down to fight against the Canaanites who lived in the hill country, and in the South, and in the lowland. 10Judah went against the Canaanites who lived in Hebron. (The name of Hebron before that was Kiriath Arba.) They struck Sheshai, Ahiman, and Talmai. 11From there he went against the inhabitants of Debir. (The name of Debir before that was Kiriath Sepher.) 12Caleb said, “I will give Achsah my daughter as wife to the man who strikes Kiriath Sepher, and takes it.” 13Othniel the son of Kenaz, Caleb’s younger brother, took it, so he gave him Achsah his daughter as his wife. 14When she came, she got him to ask her father for a field. She got off her donkey; and Caleb said to her, “What would you like?” 15She said to him, “Give me a blessing; because you have set me in the land of the South, give me also springs of water.” Then Caleb gave her the upper springs and the lower springs. 16The children of the Kenite, Moses’ brother-in-law, went up out of the city of palm trees with the children of Judah into the wilderness of Judah, which is in the south of Arad; and they went and lived with the people. 17Judah went with Simeon his brother, and they struck the Canaanites who inhabited Zephath, and utterly destroyed it. The name of the city was called Hormah. 18Also Judah took Gaza with its border, and Ashkelon with its border, and Ekron with its border. 19Yahweh was with Judah; and drove out the inhabitants of the hill country; for he could not drive out the inhabitants of the valley, because they had chariots of iron. 20They gave Hebron to Caleb, as Moses had said, and he drove the three sons of Anak out of there. 21The children of Benjamin did not drive out the Jebusites who inhabited Jerusalem, but the Jebusites dwell with the children of Benjamin in Jerusalem to this day. 22The house of Joseph also went up against Bethel, and Yahweh was with them. 23The house of Joseph sent to spy out Bethel. (The name of the city before that was Luz.) 24The watchers saw a man come out of the city, and they said to him, “Please show us the entrance into the city, and we will deal kindly with you.” 25He showed them the entrance into the city, and they struck the city with the edge of the sword; but they let the man and all his family go. 26The man went into the land of the Hittites, built a city, and called its name Luz, which is its name to this day. 27Manasseh did not drive out the inhabitants of Beth Shean and its towns, nor Taanach and its towns, nor the inhabitants of Dor and its towns, nor the inhabitants of Ibleam and its towns, nor the inhabitants of Megiddo and its towns; but the Canaanites would dwell in that land. 28When Israel had grown strong, they put the Canaanites to forced labor, and did not utterly drive them out. 29Ephraim didn’t drive out the Canaanites who lived in Gezer, but the Canaanites lived in Gezer among them. 30Zebulun didn’t drive out the inhabitants of Kitron, nor the inhabitants of Nahalol; but the Canaanites lived among them, and became subject to forced labor. 31Asher didn’t drive out the inhabitants of Acco, nor the inhabitants of Sidon, nor of Ahlab, nor of Achzib, nor of Helbah, nor of Aphik, nor of Rehob; 32but the Asherites lived among the Canaanites, the inhabitants of the land; for they did not drive them out. 33Naphtali didn’t drive out the inhabitants of Beth Shemesh, nor the inhabitants of Beth Anath; but he lived among the Canaanites, the inhabitants of the land. Nevertheless the inhabitants of Beth Shemesh and of Beth Anath became subject to forced labor. 34The Amorites forced the children of Dan into the hill country, for they would not allow them to come down to the valley; 35but the Amorites would dwell in Mount Heres, in Aijalon, and in Shaalbim. Yet the hand of the house of Joseph prevailed, so that they became subject to forced labor. 36The border of the Amorites was from the ascent of Akrabbim, from the rock, and upward.
World English Bible (public domain)
“And the Lord was with Judah, and he took possession of the hill country, but he could not drive out the inhabitants of the plain because they had chariots of iron.”
Judges 1:19
Summary
Judges chapter 1 recounts the continued conquest of the Promised Land by the tribes of Israel following the death of Joshua. The chapter opens with the Israelites seeking guidance from the Lord on who should lead the charge against the Canaanites. Judah is chosen and leads the way, successfully defeating several Canaanite cities with God's help. They are joined by the tribe of Simeon, and together they conquer important cities but also face challenges from well-fortified cities and formidable foes. As the chapter progresses, the narrative highlights both victories and failures, as not all tribes fully drive out the Canaanites from their allotted territories. This incomplete conquest sets the stage for the cycle of disobedience that will characterize the rest of the book of Judges.
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Chapter outline
How Judges 1 unfolds
Judges 1:1–3 Israel Seeks Guidance After Joshua
The Israelites, following Joshua's death, inquire of Yahweh who should lead them against the Canaanites. Yahweh instructs them to send Judah.
Judges 1:4–7 Judah's Initial Victories
Judah, with Simeon, successfully defeats the Canaanites and captures Adoni-Bezek, who recognizes divine justice in his punishment.
Judges 1:8–10 Judah Conquers Jerusalem and Hebron
Judah captures Jerusalem, destroys it, and continues to battle in the hill country, claiming Hebron by defeating its inhabitants.
Judges 1:11–15 Caleb's Challenge and Reward
Caleb offers his daughter to whoever conquers Kiriath Sepher, leading Othniel to victory and a subsequent request for fertile land.
Judges 1:16–20 Further Conquests by Judah
Judah, aided by the Kenites, continues victories, claiming significant territories while acknowledging Caleb's success in Hebron.
Judges 1:21–29 Failures of Benjamin and Joseph
The tribe of Benjamin fails to drive out the Jebusites in Jerusalem, while Joseph does conquer Bethel but allows some Canaanites to remain.
Judges 1:30–36 Incomplete Conquests of Other Tribes
Other tribes, including Zebulun and Naphtali, fail to eliminate the Canaanites fully, instead subjecting them to forced labor, complicating Israel's conquest.
Key verses
Judges 1:19Judges 1:19 highlights Yahweh's presence with Judah, emphasizing that divine support is crucial for military success against formidable foes.
Main themes in Judges 1
The Faithfulness of God
The theme of God's faithfulness appears when He directs Judah to lead the charge against the Canaanites in verse 2. The consistent victories granted to Judah show that God's promises to Israel still stand despite Joshua's death. This faithfulness reinforces the notion that success in conquest is contingent upon reliance on God's guidance.
The Importance of Obedience
Judges 1 highlights the necessity of obedience to God's commands, as seen when Judah acts on His instruction to conquer. The chapter conveys that disobedience, illustrated by the incomplete conquests of various tribes, leads to ongoing conflict and compromise with the Canaanites. This underscores that obedience is vital for fulfilling God's covenant with Israel.
The Consequences of Incomplete Conquest
The chapter illustrates the consequences of incomplete conquest, with tribes like Benjamin and Manasseh failing to drive out their enemies fully. This partial obedience results in Canaanites remaining in the land, leading to future struggles for Israel. The ongoing presence of these enemies foreshadows the cyclical nature of sin and conflict in Israel's history.
The Role of Community in Fulfillment of God's Promises
Community plays a significant role in the conquests, as Judah and Simeon work together to defeat the Canaanites in verse 3. Throughout the chapter, collective efforts lead to victories, while individual failures, like those seen in Ephraim and Zebulun, hinder God's promises. This emphasizes that unity and collaboration are essential in fulfilling God's purposes.
Cross-references
Passages that echo Judges 1
- Joshua 15This passage connects as it outlines the allotment of land to Judah, similar to the conquests described in Judges 1.
- Joshua 19Joshua 19 develops the narrative of land allocation among the tribes, reflecting on their successes and failures in Judges 1.
- 1 Samuel 15This chapter echoes themes of obedience and divine judgment, relating to Israel's conduct in Judges 1.
- Judges 3Judges 3 connects by depicting the cyclical pattern of Israel's disobedience and the need for deliverance following incomplete conquests.
- Joshua 17This passage connects as it discusses the land inheritance and the challenges faced by the tribe of Joseph, similar to those in Judges 1.
- Numbers 13This chapter echoes the earlier missions to survey the land, setting the stage for the battles described in Judges 1.
Study questions
Questions for studying Judges 1
- What role does Judah play in the conquest of Canaan in Judges 1?
- How does Adoni-Bezek respond to his defeat by Judah?
- What prize does Caleb offer for the conquest of Kiriath Sepher?
- What factors hinder the tribes from fully driving out the Canaanites?
- How is the relationship between the Israelites and the Canaanites depicted in this chapter?
- What does Yahweh's presence mean for Judah's military success?
- How do the actions of the tribes reflect their commitment to God's commands?
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