Numbers 21
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1The Canaanite, the king of Arad, who lived in the South, heard that Israel came by the way of Atharim. He fought against Israel, and took some of them captive. 2Israel vowed a vow to Yahweh, and said, “If you will indeed deliver this people into my hand, then I will utterly destroy their cities.” 3Yahweh listened to the voice of Israel, and delivered up the Canaanites; and they utterly destroyed them and their cities. The name of the place was called Hormah. 4They traveled from Mount Hor by the way to the Red Sea, to go around the land of Edom The soul of the people was very discouraged because of the journey. 5The people spoke against God, and against Moses, “Why have you brought us up out of Egypt to die in the wilderness? For there is no bread, and there is no water; and our soul loathes this disgusting bread.” 6Yahweh sent venomous snakes among the people, and they bit the people. Many people of Israel died. 7The people came to Moses, and said, “We have sinned, because we have spoken against Yahweh, and against you. Pray to Yahweh, that he take away the serpents from us.” Moses prayed for the people. 8Yahweh said to Moses, “Make a venomous snake, and set it on a pole. It shall happen, that everyone who is bitten, when he sees it, shall live.” 9Moses made a serpent of brass, and set it on the pole. If a serpent had bitten any man, when he looked at the serpent of brass, he lived. 10The children of Israel traveled, and encamped in Oboth. 11They traveled from Oboth, and encamped at Iyeabarim, in the wilderness which is before Moab, toward the sunrise. 12From there they traveled, and encamped in the valley of Zered. 13From there they traveled, and encamped on the other side of the Arnon, which is in the wilderness, that comes out of the border of the Amorites: for the Arnon is the border of Moab, between Moab and the Amorites. 14Therefore it is said in the book of the Wars of Yahweh, “Vaheb in Suphah, the valleys of the Arnon, 15the slope of the valleys that incline toward the dwelling of Ar, leans on the border of Moab.” 16From there they traveled to Beer; that is the well of which Yahweh said to Moses, “Gather the people together, and I will give them water.” 17Then Israel sang this song: “Spring up, well! Sing to it, 18the well, which the princes dug, which the nobles of the people dug, with the scepter, and with their poles.” From the wilderness they traveled to Mattanah; 19and from Mattanah to Nahaliel; and from Nahaliel to Bamoth; 20and from Bamoth to the valley that is in the field of Moab, to the top of Pisgah, which looks down on the desert. 21Israel sent messengers to Sihon king of the Amorites, saying, 22“Let me pass through your land. We will not turn away into field or vineyard. We will not drink of the water of the wells. We will go by the king’s highway, until we have passed your border.” 23Sihon would not allow Israel to pass through his border, but Sihon gathered all his people together, and went out against Israel into the wilderness, and came to Jahaz. He fought against Israel. 24Israel struck him with the edge of the sword, and possessed his land from the Arnon to the Jabbok, even to the children of Ammon; for the border of the children of Ammon was strong. 25Israel took all these cities. Israel lived in all the cities of the Amorites, in Heshbon, and in all its villages. 26For Heshbon was the city of Sihon the king of the Amorites, who had fought against the former king of Moab, and taken all his land out of his hand, even to the Arnon. 27Therefore those who speak in proverbs say, “Come to Heshbon. Let the city of Sihon be built and established; 28for a fire has gone out of Heshbon, a flame from the city of Sihon. It has devoured Ar of Moab, The lords of the high places of the Arnon. 29Woe to you, Moab! You are undone, people of Chemosh! He has given his sons as fugitives, and his daughters into captivity, to Sihon king of the Amorites. 30We have shot at them. Heshbon has perished even to Dibon. We have laid waste even to Nophah, Which reaches to Medeba.” 31Thus Israel lived in the land of the Amorites. 32Moses sent to spy out Jazer. They took its villages, and drove out the Amorites who were there. 33They turned and went up by the way of Bashan. Og the king of Bashan went out against them, he and all his people, to battle at Edrei. 34Yahweh said to Moses, “Don’t fear him, for I have delivered him into your hand, with all his people, and his land. You shall do to him as you did to Sihon king of the Amorites, who lived at Heshbon.” 35So they struck him, with his sons and all his people, until there were no survivors; and they possessed his land.
World English Bible (public domain)
“And the Lord said to Moses, 'Make a fiery serpent and set it on a pole, and everyone who is bitten, when he sees it, shall live.'”
Numbers 21:8
Summary
Numbers chapter 21 recounts significant events as the Israelites continue their journey through the wilderness towards the Promised Land. After the defeat of King Arad, the people respond to their challenges by expressing their frustration and complaining about their circumstances, leading to God's judgment in the form of venomous serpents. The Israelites then repent and cry out to Moses for help. In response, God provides a remedy through a bronze serpent lifted on a pole, signifying God's mercy and the power of faith in Him for healing and salvation. The chapter also highlights the need for faith and obedience amidst adversity, as the Israelites navigate various hostile territories, including the Amorites and Bashan, ultimately achieving victory through God's support. This illustrates God’s ongoing provision for His people despite their rebellion and complaints. The key themes of this chapter revolve around God's judgment and mercy, the importance of repentance, and the foreshadowing of Christ as the means of salvation. The narrative accentuates how the Israelites' struggles give rise to a deeper reliance on God for deliverance and healing, reinforcing the theological significance of faith as a response to hardship. Furthermore, the bronze serpent serves as a pivotal symbol for understanding how divine help can come in unexpected forms and the necessity to look to God for salvation and deliverance. The chapter encapsulates the dual themes of God's justice in response to sin and His profound mercy that counters human unfaithfulness.
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Chapter outline
How Numbers 21 unfolds
Numbers 21:1–3 Victory over King Arad
The Canaanite king Arad attacked Israel, capturing some. Israel vowed to God for victory, and God delivered them, leading to the destruction of Arad's cities.
Numbers 21:4–6 Discouragement and Judgment
As they journeyed, the Israelites became discouraged and complained against God. In response, God sent venomous snakes, resulting in many deaths among the people.
Numbers 21:7–9 Repentance and Healing
Realizing their sin, the people asked Moses to intercede with God. God instructed Moses to make a bronze serpent, which provided healing to those who looked at it.
Numbers 21:10–20 Continued Journey and Encampments
The Israelites moved through various camps, including Oboth and Bamoth, and sang praises for God's provision of water at Beer.
Numbers 21:21–32 Confrontation with Sihon
Israel requested passage through Sihon's land, but Sihon refused and attacked. Israel defeated him and took possession of his cities.
Numbers 21:33–35 Defeat of Og, King of Bashan
As Israel continued, King Og confronted them. God assured Moses of victory, and Israel defeated Og and took his land.
Key verses
Numbers 21:8Numbers 21:8 encapsulates the chapter's theme of faith leading to healing, demonstrating God's mercy amid judgment.
Main themes in Numbers 21
Judgment and Mercy
In Numbers 21, God's judgment surfaces when the Israelites complain, leading to the serpent bites in verse 6. However, His mercy is evident through the provision of healing via the bronze serpent in verse 8. This duality emphasizes God's nature as both just and compassionate, responding to human sin with appropriate discipline while offering a means for restoration.
Repentance and Faith
The theme of repentance appears when the Israelites acknowledge their sin and seek Moses' intercession in verse 7. The healing from the bronze serpent illustrates the necessity of faith in God’s provision, as seen when they look to it for healing in verse 9. This highlights the importance of turning back to God in faith amidst their struggles.
Victory through God
Victory through God is evident as Israel defeats both King Arad and Sihon in verses 3 and 24. These military successes illustrate Israel's dependence on God's promises and divine power rather than their own capabilities. The chapter emphasizes that true victories are achieved through faith and obedience to God's guidance, showcasing that reliance on God leads to triumph over adversaries.
Foreshadowing of Christ
The bronze serpent in verse 8 foreshadows Christ's crucifixion, connecting the theme of physical healing with the necessity of faith. Just as the Israelites looked to the serpent lifted up for life, believers are encouraged to look to Christ for their ultimate salvation. This theme deepens the narrative's focus on God's provision and highlights the essential relationship between faith and the gift of salvation.
Cross-references
Passages that echo Numbers 21
- John 3John 3 connects by referencing the bronze serpent as a foreshadowing of Christ, illustrating salvation through faith.
- Deuteronomy 2This passage develops the context of Israel's journey and interactions with various nations before entering the Promised Land.
- Jeremiah 48Jeremiah 48 echoes the fate of Moab, linking it to the events in Numbers 21 as Israel takes possession of their land.
- Numbers 32This passage connects through the shared themes of Israel's territorial conquests and the challenges they faced in securing land.
- Judges 11Judges 11 develops the history of conflict with the Ammonites, connecting to Israel's encounters described in this chapter.
- Deuteronomy 3Deuteronomy 3 connects by recounting Israel's victories over Og, further establishing God's faithfulness in delivering enemies into their hands.
Study questions
Questions for studying Numbers 21
- What did Israel vow to God after their victory over Arad?
- How did the people express their frustration during their journey?
- What was God's response to the Israelites' complaints?
- What does the bronze serpent symbolize in this chapter?
- How did the Israelites respond after being bitten by the snakes?
- What were the key events that led to Israel's victory over Sihon?
- Why did Israel seek to pass through the land of Sihon without conflict?
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