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Romans 9

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1I tell the truth in Christ. I am not lying, my conscience testifying with me in the Holy Spirit, 2that I have great sorrow and unceasing pain in my heart. 3For I could wish that I myself were accursed from Christ for my brothers’ sake, my relatives according to the flesh, 4who are Israelites; whose is the adoption, the glory, the covenants, the giving of the law, the service, and the promises; 5of whom are the fathers, and from whom is Christ as concerning the flesh, who is over all, God, blessed forever. Amen. 6But it is not as though the word of God has come to nothing. For they are not all Israel, that are of Israel. 7Neither, because they are Abraham’s offspring, are they all children. But, “your offspring will be accounted as from Isaac.” 8That is, it is not the children of the flesh who are children of God, but the children of the promise are counted as heirs. 9For this is a word of promise, “At the appointed time I will come, and Sarah will have a son.” 10Not only so, but Rebekah also conceived by one, by our father Isaac. 11For being not yet born, neither having done anything good or bad, that the purpose of God according to election might stand, not of works, but of him who calls, 12it was said to her, “The elder will serve the younger.” 13Even as it is written, “Jacob I loved, but Esau I hated.” 14What shall we say then? Is there unrighteousness with God? May it never be! 15For he said to Moses, “I will have mercy on whom I have mercy, and I will have compassion on whom I have compassion.” 16So then it is not of him who wills, nor of him who runs, but of God who has mercy. 17For the Scripture says to Pharaoh, “For this very purpose I caused you to be raised up, that I might show in you my power, and that my name might be proclaimed in all the earth.” 18So then, he has mercy on whom he desires, and he hardens whom he desires. 19You will say then to me, “Why does he still find fault? For who withstands his will?” 20But indeed, O man, who are you to reply against God? Will the thing formed ask him who formed it, “Why did you make me like this?” 21Or hasn’t the potter a right over the clay, from the same lump to make one part a vessel for honor, and another for dishonor? 22What if God, willing to show his wrath, and to make his power known, endured with much patience vessels of wrath prepared for destruction, 23and that he might make known the riches of his glory on vessels of mercy, which he prepared beforehand for glory, 24us, whom he also called, not from the Jews only, but also from the Gentiles? 25As he says also in Hosea, “I will call them ‘my people,’ which were not my people; and her ‘beloved,’ who was not beloved.” 26“It will be that in the place where it was said to them, ‘You are not my people,’ There they will be called ‘children of the living God.’” 27Isaiah cries concerning Israel, “If the number of the children of Israel are as the sand of the sea, it is the remnant who will be saved; 28for He will finish the work and cut it short in righteousness, because the LORD will make a short work upon the earth.” 29As Isaiah has said before, “Unless the Lord of Armies had left us a seed, we would have become like Sodom, and would have been made like Gomorrah.” 30What shall we say then? That the Gentiles, who didn’t follow after righteousness, attained to righteousness, even the righteousness which is of faith; 31but Israel, following after a law of righteousness, didn’t arrive at the law of righteousness. 32Why? Because they didn’t seek it by faith, but as it were by works of the law. They stumbled over the stumbling stone; 33even as it is written, “Behold, I lay in Zion a stumbling stone and a rock of offense; and no one who believes in him will be disappointed.”

World English Bible (public domain)

"So then it depends not on human will or exertion, but on God, who has mercy."

Romans 9:16

Summary

Romans 9 deals with the Apostle Paul's deep concern for the salvation of his fellow Israelites. He expresses sorrow and anguish over their unbelief, highlighting the privileges Israel has had as God's chosen people, such as receiving the law, the promises, and the Messiah himself. Paul then addresses the question of God's faithfulness given Israel's unbelief. He argues that God's word has not failed because not all descendants of Israel are part of the true Israel. Paul introduces the concept of God's sovereign election, emphasizing that God chooses whom He shows mercy to, as demonstrated in His dealings with figures like Isaac and Jacob over Ishmael and Esau. Paul uses examples from Scripture, such as Pharaoh, to illustrate God's right to sovereignly bestow mercy and harden hearts according to His will. The chapter concludes by reaffirming that salvation is based on God's calling rather than human effort, and it foreshadows Israel's eventual inclusion back into God's redemptive plan.

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Chapter outline

How Romans 9 unfolds

  1. Romans 9:1–5 Paul's Sorrow for Israel

    Paul expresses deep sorrow for his fellow Israelites, emphasizing their unique status as recipients of God's promises and the lineage of Christ.

  2. Romans 9:6–13 God's True Israel Defined

    Paul clarifies that not all physical descendants of Israel are the true Israel, highlighting God's choice in election through examples of Isaac and Jacob.

  3. Romans 9:14–18 God's Sovereignty and Mercy

    Paul addresses the question of God’s justice in election, asserting that God has the right to show mercy and harden hearts as He wills.

  4. Romans 9:19–24 God's Authority Over Creation

    Using the potter and clay analogy, Paul illustrates God's sovereignty in determining the fate of individuals according to His purpose.

  5. Romans 9:25–29 Inclusion of Gentiles and Remnant of Israel

    Paul cites prophecy to show that God will call not only Gentiles but also a remnant of Israel, affirming His faithfulness to His promises.

  6. Romans 9:30–33 Righteousness Through Faith

    The chapter concludes with a contrast between Gentiles who attain righteousness through faith and Israel, who seeks it through the law but stumbles.

Key verses

  • Romans 9:16Romans 9:16 encapsulates the chapter's focus on God's sovereignty and mercy as the foundation for salvation.

Main themes in Romans 9

God's Sovereign Election

The theme of God's sovereign election appears prominently in verses 11-13, where Paul discusses God's choice of Jacob over Esau. This underscores the notion that God's purposes are not based on human merit but on His divine will and plan. Within the chapter's larger movement, this theme highlights God's active role in salvation history and His prerogative to choose whom He will.

The Faithfulness of God

Paul's declaration of God's faithfulness emerges in verses 6-8, where he clarifies that not all who are descended from Israel are true Israelites. He emphasizes that God's promises remain intact and have not failed, even in light of Israel's unbelief and rejection. This assurance underscores God's unchanging character and His unwavering commitment to fulfill His covenant, showing that His faithfulness transcends human circumstances and provides hope for those who trust in Him.

The Role of Israel in Salvation History

In verses 4-5, Paul discusses Israel's privileged position as God's chosen people who received the law and the promises. The chapter complicates this role by indicating that physical descent does not guarantee spiritual inheritance. Ultimately, it suggests a broader understanding of God's redemptive plan that includes both Jews and Gentiles.

Mercy Over Merit

The idea of mercy over merit is articulated in verses 15-16, where Paul emphasizes that salvation is dependent on God's mercy rather than human effort. This theme is developed through examples of divine choice and calling, reinforcing the notion that acceptance by God is a result of His grace alone. It invites readers to reassess their understanding of righteousness and God's sovereignty.

Cross-references

Passages that echo Romans 9

Study questions

Questions for studying Romans 9

  1. What deep feelings does Paul express for the Israelites in this chapter?
  2. How does Paul redefine what it means to be part of Israel?
  3. What examples does Paul use to illustrate God's sovereignty in election?
  4. Why does Paul emphasize mercy over human effort in salvation?
  5. How do the Old Testament quotes shape Paul's argument regarding Gentiles?
  6. What does Paul's discussion of the potter and clay reveal about God's authority?

Romans 9: frequently asked questions

What is Romans 9 about?+
Romans 9 deals with the Apostle Paul's deep concern for the salvation of his fellow Israelites. He expresses sorrow and anguish over their unbelief, highlighting the privileges Israel has had as God's chosen people, such as receiving the law, the promises, and the Messiah himself. Paul then addresses the question of God's faithfulness given Israel's unbelief. He argues that God's word has not failed because not all descendants of Israel are part of the true Israel. Paul introduces the concept of God's sovereign election, emphasizing that God chooses whom He shows mercy to, as demonstrated in His dealings with figures like Isaac and Jacob over Ishmael and Esau. Paul uses examples from Scripture, such as Pharaoh, to illustrate God's right to sovereignly bestow mercy and harden hearts according to His will. The chapter concludes by reaffirming that salvation is based on God's calling rather than human effort, and it foreshadows Israel's eventual inclusion back into God's redemptive plan.
What is the key verse in Romans 9?+
Romans 9:16: "So then it is not of him who wills, nor of him who runs, but of God who has mercy."
What are the main themes of Romans 9?+
The main themes of Romans 9 are God's Sovereign Election, The Faithfulness of God, The Role of Israel in Salvation History, Mercy Over Merit.

Related chapters

Chapters that connect with Romans 9

Study Notes