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Exodus 10

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1Yahweh said to Moses, “Go in to Pharaoh, for I have hardened his heart, and the heart of his servants, that I may show these my signs among them, 2and that you may tell in the hearing of your son, and of your son’s son, what things I have done to Egypt, and my signs which I have done among them; that you may know that I am Yahweh.” 3Moses and Aaron went in to Pharaoh, and said to him, “This is what Yahweh, the God of the Hebrews, says: ‘How long will you refuse to humble yourself before me? Let my people go, that they may serve me. 4Or else, if you refuse to let my people go, behold, tomorrow I will bring locusts into your country, 5and they shall cover the surface of the earth, so that one won’t be able to see the earth. They shall eat the residue of that which has escaped, which remains to you from the hail, and shall eat every tree which grows for you out of the field. 6Your houses shall be filled, and the houses of all your servants, and the houses of all the Egyptians; as neither your fathers nor your fathers’ fathers have seen, since the day that they were on the earth to this day.’” He turned, and went out from Pharaoh. 7Pharaoh’s servants said to him, “How long will this man be a snare to us? Let the men go, that they may serve Yahweh, their God. Don’t you yet know that Egypt is destroyed?” 8Moses and Aaron were brought again to Pharaoh, and he said to them, “Go, serve Yahweh your God; but who are those who will go?” 9Moses said, “We will go with our young and with our old; with our sons and with our daughters, with our flocks and with our herds will we go; for we must hold a feast to Yahweh.” 10He said to them, “Yahweh be with you if I will let you go with your little ones! See, evil is clearly before your faces. 11Not so! Go now you who are men, and serve Yahweh; for that is what you desire!” They were driven out from Pharaoh’s presence. 12Yahweh said to Moses, “Stretch out your hand over the land of Egypt for the locusts, that they may come up on the land of Egypt, and eat every herb of the land, even all that the hail has left.” 13Moses stretched out his rod over the land of Egypt, and Yahweh brought an east wind on the land all that day, and all night; and when it was morning, the east wind brought the locusts. 14The locusts went up over all the land of Egypt, and rested in all the borders of Egypt. They were very grievous. Before them there were no such locusts as they, nor will there ever be again. 15For they covered the surface of the whole earth, so that the land was darkened, and they ate every herb of the land, and all the fruit of the trees which the hail had left. There remained nothing green, either tree or herb of the field, through all the land of Egypt. 16Then Pharaoh called for Moses and Aaron in haste, and he said, “I have sinned against Yahweh your God, and against you. 17Now therefore please forgive my sin again, and pray to Yahweh your God, that he may also take away from me this death.” 18He went out from Pharaoh, and prayed to Yahweh. 19Yahweh turned an exceeding strong west wind, which took up the locusts, and drove them into the Red Sea. There remained not one locust in all the borders of Egypt. 20But Yahweh hardened Pharaoh’s heart, and he didn’t let the children of Israel go. 21Yahweh said to Moses, “Stretch out your hand toward the sky, that there may be darkness over the land of Egypt, even darkness which may be felt.” 22Moses stretched out his hand toward the sky, and there was a thick darkness in all the land of Egypt for three days. 23They didn’t see one another, and nobody rose from his place for three days; but all the children of Israel had light in their dwellings. 24Pharaoh called to Moses, and said, “Go, serve Yahweh. Only let your flocks and your herds stay behind. Let your little ones also go with you.” 25Moses said, “You must also give into our hand sacrifices and burnt offerings, that we may sacrifice to Yahweh our God. 26Our livestock also shall go with us. Not a hoof shall be left behind, for of it we must take to serve Yahweh our God; and we don’t know with what we must serve Yahweh, until we come there.” 27But Yahweh hardened Pharaoh’s heart, and he wouldn’t let them go. 28Pharaoh said to him, “Get away from me! Be careful to see my face no more; for in the day you see my face you shall die!” 29Moses said, “You have spoken well. I will see your face again no more.”

World English Bible (public domain)

Then the Lord said to Moses, "Stretch out your hand toward heaven, that there may be darkness over the land of Egypt, a darkness to be felt."

Exodus 10:21

Summary

Exodus chapter 10 describes the eighth and ninth plagues that God inflicts upon Egypt as a sign of His power and a means of freeing the Israelites from slavery. The chapter begins with God instructing Moses to go to Pharaoh and warn him about the impending plague of locusts, which will consume any remaining crops and vegetation. This serves as a stark reminder of God's sovereignty and judgment. Pharaoh's initial response is one of defiance, insisting he cannot let the Israelites go, yet when the locusts come and devastate the land, he seeks forgiveness and demands Moses to pray for relief. However, once the plague is lifted, Pharaoh's heart hardens again, showcasing the theme of human stubbornness against divine authority. The chapter culminates in the ninth plague, the plague of darkness, which plunges Egypt into an intensity of darkness for three days, highlighting the contrast between the darkness over Egypt and the light in the land of Goshen where the Israelites reside. This supernatural event serves to demonstrate God's ultimate control over creation and His deliverance of His people. Pharaoh again asks Moses to make the darkness go away, but he refuses to let the Israelites fully go to worship. The chapter emphasizes the futility of resisting God's will and the consequences of hardening one’s heart. Theologically, Exodus 10 reveals God’s faithfulness to His promises, showcasing His unwavering commitment to liberate His people. The plagues serve as both judgment against the gods of Egypt and a revelation of God's power and authority. The repeated pleas and the ultimate refusal by Pharaoh illustrate a profound lesson about repentance and the dangers of hardening one’s heart against God. In the face of unavoidable divine intervention, the chapter concludes with a stark reminder of God's intentions to rescue Israel from bondage, foreshadowing the eventual Exodus that follows.

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Chapter outline

How Exodus 10 unfolds

  1. Exodus 10:1–2 God's Command to Moses

    Yahweh instructs Moses to approach Pharaoh, indicating that He has hardened Pharaoh’s heart to demonstrate His signs and affirm His identity.

  2. Exodus 10:3–6 Warning of Locusts

    Moses warns Pharaoh of an impending locust plague that will devastate Egypt, emphasizing the severity of the judgment against the people.

  3. Exodus 10:7–11 Pharaoh's Resistance

    Pharaoh's servants plead for him to relent, but he insists on limiting the Israelites’ departure, showcasing his continued defiance.

  4. Exodus 10:12–15 The Locust Plague

    Moses obeys God by summoning locusts, which devastate the land, consuming all remaining vegetation and illustrating the extent of divine judgment.

  5. Exodus 10:16–20 Pharaoh's Confession and Relent

    Pharaoh admits his sin and asks for forgiveness, but once the plague is lifted, God hardens his heart again.

  6. Exodus 10:21–23 The Plague of Darkness

    God commands Moses to bring a profound darkness over Egypt, distinguishing between the Egyptians and the Israelites, who have light.

  7. Exodus 10:24–29 Final Confrontation

    Pharaoh proposes a compromise for the Israelites’ worship, but Moses refuses, leading to an ultimatum from Pharaoh and Moses’ declaration of no further appearances.

Key verses

  • Exodus 10:21The key verse illustrates the depth of divine judgment and the tangible nature of God's power over creation.

Main themes in Exodus 10

Divine Sovereignty

God’s sovereignty is vividly displayed as He orchestrates the plagues throughout Exodus 10, particularly in verses 1-2, where He explicitly hardens Pharaoh’s heart. This divine control emphasizes God's authority over both Pharaoh and the natural world, demonstrating that He is in command of Egypt’s fate and its gods. The progression of events in this chapter reinforces the theme of God’s power to liberate His people, regardless of human resistance and defiance.

Judgment and Mercy

The locusts and darkness serve as judgments against Egypt in verses 4-15 and 21-23, reflecting God’s power to bring devastation. Pharaoh’s momentary plea for mercy in verse 16 illustrates the tension between divine judgment and the opportunity for repentance. This theme emphasizes God's willingness to forgive but also the severe consequences of continued disobedience.

Human Stubbornness

Pharaoh's refusal to fully comply with God’s commands in verses 10-11 and 24-29 reveals the depth of his stubbornness. Despite experiencing severe plagues, he continues to negotiate terms that limit the Israelites' freedom, demonstrating a rejection of divine authority. This theme underscores the tragic consequences of hardening one’s heart against God’s will.

Faithfulness of God

God’s faithfulness to His people is clearly illustrated in Exodus 10, especially in verses 1-2, where He makes a steadfast promise to deliver Israel from their oppression. Despite Pharaoh's continual resistance and refusal to heed God's commands, God remains active and decisive in His intentions, showcasing His unwavering commitment to fulfill His covenant with Israel. This theme aligns with the larger narrative of liberation that unfolds in the story of the Exodus, highlighting God’s enduring promise.

Cross-references

Passages that echo Exodus 10

Study questions

Questions for studying Exodus 10

  1. What signs does God intend to show through Pharaoh's hardened heart?
  2. How do Pharaoh's servants respond to the locust threat?
  3. What conditions does Pharaoh try to impose on the Israelites' worship?
  4. What is the significance of darkness for three days in Egypt?
  5. How does the repeated hardening of Pharaoh's heart affect the narrative?
  6. What does Moses insist must be taken for sacrifices to Yahweh?
  7. How does the chapter illustrate the theme of human stubbornness?

Exodus 10: frequently asked questions

What is Exodus 10 about?+
Exodus chapter 10 describes the eighth and ninth plagues that God inflicts upon Egypt as a sign of His power and a means of freeing the Israelites from slavery. The chapter begins with God instructing Moses to go to Pharaoh and warn him about the impending plague of locusts, which will consume any remaining crops and vegetation. This serves as a stark reminder of God's sovereignty and judgment. Pharaoh's initial response is one of defiance, insisting he cannot let the Israelites go, yet when the locusts come and devastate the land, he seeks forgiveness and demands Moses to pray for relief. However, once the plague is lifted, Pharaoh's heart hardens again, showcasing the theme of human stubbornness against divine authority. The chapter culminates in the ninth plague, the plague of darkness, which plunges Egypt into an intensity of darkness for three days, highlighting the contrast between the darkness over Egypt and the light in the land of Goshen where the Israelites reside. This supernatural event serves to demonstrate God's ultimate control over creation and His deliverance of His people. Pharaoh again asks Moses to make the darkness go away, but he refuses to let the Israelites fully go to worship. The chapter emphasizes the futility of resisting God's will and the consequences of hardening one’s heart. Theologically, Exodus 10 reveals God’s faithfulness to His promises, showcasing His unwavering commitment to liberate His people. The plagues serve as both judgment against the gods of Egypt and a revelation of God's power and authority. The repeated pleas and the ultimate refusal by Pharaoh illustrate a profound lesson about repentance and the dangers of hardening one’s heart against God. In the face of unavoidable divine intervention, the chapter concludes with a stark reminder of God's intentions to rescue Israel from bondage, foreshadowing the eventual Exodus that follows.
What is the key verse in Exodus 10?+
Exodus 10:21: "Yahweh said to Moses, “Stretch out your hand toward the sky, that there may be darkness over the land of Egypt, even darkness which may be felt.”"
What are the main themes of Exodus 10?+
The main themes of Exodus 10 are Divine Sovereignty, Judgment and Mercy, Human Stubbornness, Faithfulness of God.

Related chapters

Chapters that connect with Exodus 10

Study Notes