Exodus 9
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1Then Yahweh said to Moses, “Go in to Pharaoh, and tell him, ‘This is what Yahweh, the God of the Hebrews, says: “Let my people go, that they may serve me. 2For if you refuse to let them go, and hold them still, 3behold, Yahweh’s hand is on your livestock which are in the field, on the horses, on the donkeys, on the camels, on the herds, and on the flocks with a very grievous pestilence. 4Yahweh will make a distinction between the livestock of Israel and the livestock of Egypt; and nothing shall die of all that belongs to the children of Israel.”’” 5Yahweh appointed a set time, saying, “Tomorrow Yahweh shall do this thing in the land.” 6Yahweh did that thing on the next day; and all the livestock of Egypt died, but of the livestock of the children of Israel, not one died. 7Pharaoh sent, and, behold, there was not so much as one of the livestock of the Israelites dead. But the heart of Pharaoh was stubborn, and he didn’t let the people go. 8Yahweh said to Moses and to Aaron, “Take to you handfuls of ashes of the furnace, and let Moses sprinkle it toward the sky in the sight of Pharaoh. 9It shall become small dust over all the land of Egypt, and shall be a boil breaking out with boils on man and on animal, throughout all the land of Egypt.” 10They took ashes of the furnace, and stood before Pharaoh; and Moses sprinkled it up toward the sky; and it became a boil breaking out with boils on man and on animal. 11The magicians couldn’t stand before Moses because of the boils; for the boils were on the magicians, and on all the Egyptians. 12Yahweh hardened the heart of Pharaoh, and he didn’t listen to them, as Yahweh had spoken to Moses. 13Yahweh said to Moses, “Rise up early in the morning, and stand before Pharaoh, and tell him, ‘This is what Yahweh, the God of the Hebrews, says: “Let my people go, that they may serve me. 14For this time I will send all my plagues against your heart, against your officials, and against your people; that you may know that there is no one like me in all the earth. 15For now I would have stretched out my hand, and struck you and your people with pestilence, and you would have been cut off from the earth; 16but indeed for this cause I have made you stand: to show you my power, and that my name may be declared throughout all the earth; 17as you still exalt yourself against my people, that you won’t let them go. 18Behold, tomorrow about this time I will cause it to rain a very grievous hail, such as has not been in Egypt since the day it was founded even until now. 19Now therefore command that all of your livestock and all that you have in the field be brought into shelter. Every man and animal that is found in the field, and isn’t brought home, the hail shall come down on them, and they shall die.”’” 20Those who feared Yahweh’s word among the servants of Pharaoh made their servants and their livestock flee into the houses. 21Whoever didn’t respect Yahweh’s word left his servants and his livestock in the field. 22Yahweh said to Moses, “Stretch out your hand toward the sky, that there may be hail in all the land of Egypt, on man, and on animal, and on every herb of the field, throughout the land of Egypt.” 23Moses stretched out his rod toward the heavens, and Yahweh sent thunder, hail, and lightning flashed down to the earth. Yahweh rained hail on the land of Egypt. 24So there was very severe hail, and lightning mixed with the hail, such as had not been in all the land of Egypt since it became a nation. 25The hail struck throughout all the land of Egypt all that was in the field, both man and animal; and the hail struck every herb of the field, and broke every tree of the field. 26Only in the land of Goshen, where the children of Israel were, there was no hail. 27Pharaoh sent, and called for Moses and Aaron, and said to them, “I have sinned this time. Yahweh is righteous, and I and my people are wicked. 28Pray to Yahweh; for there has been enough of mighty thunderings and hail. I will let you go, and you shall stay no longer.” 29Moses said to him, “As soon as I have gone out of the city, I will spread abroad my hands to Yahweh. The thunders shall cease, and there will not be any more hail; that you may know that the earth is Yahweh’s. 30But as for you and your servants, I know that you don’t yet fear Yahweh God.” 31The flax and the barley were struck, for the barley was in the ear, and the flax was in bloom. 32But the wheat and the spelt were not struck, for they had not grown up. 33Moses went out of the city from Pharaoh, and spread abroad his hands to Yahweh; and the thunders and hail ceased, and the rain was not poured on the earth. 34When Pharaoh saw that the rain and the hail and the thunders had ceased, he sinned yet more, and hardened his heart, he and his servants. 35The heart of Pharaoh was hardened, and he didn’t let the children of Israel go, just as Yahweh had spoken through Moses.
World English Bible (public domain)
“But the Lord hardened the heart of Pharaoh, and he did not listen to them, as the Lord had spoken to Moses.”
Exodus 9:12
Summary
In Exodus chapter 9, the narrative continues with the plagues that God sends upon Egypt, showcasing His power and the hardening of Pharaoh's heart. This chapter introduces the fifth and sixth plagues: the livestock disease that strikes down the Egyptians' cattle, and the painful boils that afflict both humans and animals. God instructs Moses to warn Pharaoh about these plagues, emphasizing that they are designed to demonstrate His sovereignty and to compel Pharaoh to release the Israelites. Despite witnessing these calamities, Pharaoh remains obstinate, illustrating the theme of human resistance to divine authority. The significance of this chapter lies not only in God’s judgment but also in His mercy, as He allows some livestock to survive and offers Pharaoh repeated opportunities to repent. The chapter culminates with God's declaration that He has raised Pharaoh up to show His power, underscoring the purpose behind these mighty acts: to make His name known throughout the earth.
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Chapter outline
How Exodus 9 unfolds
Exodus 9:1–7 The Fifth Plague Announced
Yahweh commands Moses to warn Pharaoh of a livestock disease. The distinction between Egyptian and Israelite livestock emphasizes God's control over life.
Exodus 9:8–12 The Sixth Plague: Boils
Moses sprinkles ashes to bring boils upon Egyptians and animals, showing the futility of Pharaoh's magicians. This plague reinforces the seriousness of Pharaoh's disobedience.
Exodus 9:13–22 Warning of Hail
Yahweh instructs Moses to warn Pharaoh about a coming hailstorm, emphasizing the need for obedience to avoid destruction. This serves as a test of fear and respect.
Exodus 9:23–26 Hail Falls
Moses obeys and the hail devastates Egypt, but spares Goshen. This signifies God's protection over His people amidst judgment.
Exodus 9:27–30 Pharaoh's Confession and Promise
Pharaoh admits his sin and requests prayer from Moses, showing temporary humility. However, his lack of genuine fear of Yahweh is evident.
Exodus 9:31–34 Aftermath of the Hail
The agricultural damage is noted, illustrating the severity of the judgment. Pharaoh's heart hardens again after the disaster, revealing his resistance.
Exodus 9:35 Pharaoh's Hardened Heart
The chapter concludes with a reiteration of Pharaoh's hardened heart, affirming the ongoing conflict between divine authority and human rebellion.
Key verses
Exodus 9:12Exodus 9:12 highlights God's active role in Pharaoh's hardening, emphasizing the theme of divine sovereignty over human will.
Main themes in Exodus 9
God's sovereignty
God's sovereignty is evident through the plagues in Exodus 9, particularly in His control over life and death (verses 3-4). The distinctions made between Egyptian and Israelite livestock underscore His authority, as does the specific timing of each plague. This chapter demonstrates God's power to manipulate nature and circumstances to achieve His purposes.
Judgment and mercy
Judgment and mercy are central themes in this chapter, particularly in the preservation of Israelite livestock amidst the plagues (verses 4-6). While Egypt suffers severe plagues, God’s mercy is shown in His repeated calls for repentance to Pharaoh. This duality highlights God's desire for acknowledgment and relationship, even in the face of judgment.
Human hardheartedness
Human hardheartedness is illustrated through Pharaoh's repeated refusal to heed the warnings and experience of the plagues (verse 7). Despite witnessing God's power, he continues to harden his heart, demonstrating a persistent resistance to divine authority. This theme serves to highlight the tragic consequences of rejecting God's calls for obedience.
Divine revelation
Divine revelation is revealed as God displays His power through the plagues (verses 14-16). Each plague serves as a message to Pharaoh, showcasing God's uniqueness and authority over all gods of Egypt. This chapter emphasizes that through these acts, knowledge of God's character is made known to both Egypt and Israel.
Cross-references
Passages that echo Exodus 9
- Exodus 8The plagues in Exodus 9 continue the theme established in Exodus 8, emphasizing God's power over Egyptian gods.
- Romans 9Paul references Pharaoh's hardening in Romans 9, connecting it to God's purpose in demonstrating His sovereignty.
- Exodus 10Exodus 10 continues the narrative of the plagues, highlighting the escalating severity and Pharaoh's resistance.
- Exodus 7The initial signs and wonders in Exodus 7 set the stage for the plagues that follow in Exodus 9.
- Psalm 24Psalm 24 reflects God's kingship and authority, echoing themes of divine sovereignty seen in Exodus 9.
- James 5James 5 connects to themes of judgment and mercy, paralleling God's dealings with Pharaoh and the Egyptians.
Study questions
Questions for studying Exodus 9
- What specific livestock died as a result of the fifth plague?
- How did the boils affect the Egyptians and their magicians?
- What warning did Moses give Pharaoh about the hail?
- What actions did those who feared Yahweh take before the hail?
- What was Pharaoh's response after the hail ceased?
- What does Pharaoh's hardened heart reveal about his character?
- How does this chapter illustrate God's power over Egypt?
Exodus 9: frequently asked questions
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