Numbers 31
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1Yahweh spoke to Moses, saying, 2“Avenge the children of Israel for the Midianites. Afterward you shall be gathered to your people.” 3Moses spoke to the people, saying, “Arm men from among you for the war, that they may go against Midian, to execute Yahweh’s vengeance on Midian. 4Of every tribe one thousand, throughout all the tribes of Israel, you shall send to the war.” 5So there were delivered, out of the thousands of Israel, a thousand of every tribe, twelve thousand armed for war. 6Moses sent them, one thousand of every tribe, to the war, them and Phinehas the son of Eleazar the priest, to the war, with the vessels of the sanctuary and the trumpets for the alarm in his hand. 7They fought against Midian, as Yahweh commanded Moses. They killed every male. 8They killed the kings of Midian with the rest of their slain: Evi, Rekem, Zur, Hur, and Reba, the five kings of Midian. They also killed Balaam the son of Beor with the sword. 9The children of Israel took the women of Midian captive with their little ones; and all their livestock, all their flocks, and all their goods, they took as plunder. 10All their cities in the places in which they lived, and all their encampments, they burned with fire. 11They took all the captives, and all the plunder, both of man and of animal. 12They brought the captives, and the prey, and the plunder, to Moses, and to Eleazar the priest, and to the congregation of the children of Israel, to the camp at the plains of Moab, which are by the Jordan at Jericho. 13Moses, and Eleazar the priest, and all the princes of the congregation, went out to meet them outside of the camp. 14Moses was angry with the officers of the army, the captains of thousands and the captains of hundreds, who came from the service of the war. 15Moses said to them, “Have you saved all the women alive? 16Behold, these caused the children of Israel, through the counsel of Balaam, to commit trespass against Yahweh in the matter of Peor, and so the plague was among the congregation of Yahweh. 17Now therefore kill every male among the little ones, and kill every woman who has known man by lying with him. 18But all the girls, who have not known man by lying with him, keep alive for yourselves. 19“Encamp outside of the camp seven days. Whoever has killed any person, and whoever has touched any slain, purify yourselves on the third day and on the seventh day, you and your captives. 20As to every garment, and all that is made of skin, and all work of goats’ hair, and all things made of wood, you shall purify yourselves.” 21Eleazar the priest said to the men of war who went to the battle, “This is the statute of the law which Yahweh has commanded Moses: 22however the gold, and the silver, the brass, the iron, the tin, and the lead, 23everything that may withstand the fire, you shall make to go through the fire, and it shall be clean; nevertheless it shall be purified with the water for impurity. All that doesn’t withstand the fire you shall make to go through the water. 24You shall wash your clothes on the seventh day, and you shall be clean. Afterward you shall come into the camp.” 25Yahweh spoke to Moses, saying, 26“Count the plunder that was taken, both of man and of animal, you, and Eleazar the priest, and the heads of the fathers’ households of the congregation; 27and divide the plunder into two parts: between the men skilled in war, who went out to battle, and all the congregation. 28Levy a tribute to Yahweh of the men of war who went out to battle: one soul of five hundred; of the persons, of the cattle, of the donkeys, and of the flocks. 29Take it from their half, and give it to Eleazar the priest, for Yahweh’s wave offering. 30Of the children of Israel’s half, you shall take one drawn out of every fifty, of the persons, of the cattle, of the donkeys, and of the flocks, of all the livestock, and give them to the Levites, who perform the duty of Yahweh’s tabernacle.” 31Moses and Eleazar the priest did as Yahweh commanded Moses. 32Now the plunder, over and above the booty which the men of war took, was six hundred seventy-five thousand sheep, 33and seventy-two thousand head of cattle, 34and sixty-one thousand donkeys, 35and thirty-two thousand persons in all, of the women who had not known man by lying with him. 36The half, which was the portion of those who went out to war, was in number three hundred thirty-seven thousand five hundred sheep: 37and Yahweh’s tribute of the sheep was six hundred seventy-five. 38The cattle were thirty-six thousand; of which Yahweh’s tribute was seventy-two. 39The donkeys were thirty thousand five hundred; of which Yahweh’s tribute was sixty-one. 40The persons were sixteen thousand; of whom Yahweh’s tribute was thirty-two persons. 41Moses gave the tribute, which was Yahweh’s wave offering, to Eleazar the priest, as Yahweh commanded Moses. 42Of the children of Israel’s half, which Moses divided off from the men who fought 43(now the congregation’s half was three hundred thirty-seven thousand five hundred sheep, 44and thirty-six thousand head of cattle, 45and thirty thousand five hundred donkeys, 46and sixteen thousand persons), 47even of the children of Israel’s half, Moses took one drawn out of every fifty, both of man and of animal, and gave them to the Levites, who performed the duty of Yahweh’s tabernacle; as Yahweh commanded Moses. 48The officers who were over the thousands of the army, the captains of thousands, and the captains of hundreds, came near to Moses. 49They said to Moses, “Your servants have taken the sum of the men of war who are under our command, and there lacks not one man of us. 50We have brought Yahweh’s offering, what every man has gotten, of jewels of gold, armlets, and bracelets, signet rings, earrings, and necklaces, to make atonement for our souls before Yahweh.” 51Moses and Eleazar the priest took their gold, even all worked jewels. 52All the gold of the wave offering that they offered up to Yahweh, of the captains of thousands, and of the captains of hundreds, was sixteen thousand seven hundred fifty shekels. 53The men of war had taken booty, every man for himself. 54Moses and Eleazar the priest took the gold of the captains of thousands and of hundreds, and brought it into the Tent of Meeting, for a memorial for the children of Israel before Yahweh.
World English Bible (public domain)
“And they warred against Midian, as the Lord commanded Moses, and killed every male. (Numbers 31:7)”
Numbers 31:7
Summary
In Numbers chapter 31, the Lord commands Moses to take vengeance on the Midianites for leading the Israelites into sin. Moses mobilizes the Israelite army, and they successfully defeat the Midianites, killing all the males and capturing the women and children. The chapter depicts the seriousness of sin and its consequences, particularly the consequences of idolatry and immorality. After the battle, Moses instructs the soldiers on purification rituals and the division of spoils, emphasizing God's holiness and the need for cleansing after warfare. The chapter concludes with an accounting of the spoils taken from the Midianites and the dedication of the first portion to the Lord, highlighting the importance of giving back to God from the bounty received from victory.
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Chapter outline
How Numbers 31 unfolds
Numbers 31:1–6 Divine Command for Vengeance
Yahweh instructs Moses to take vengeance on the Midianites for leading Israel into sin. Moses organizes the Israelite army, sending one thousand men from each tribe.
Numbers 31:7–12 Battle Against Midian
The Israelite forces engage the Midianites, killing every male, including five kings and Balaam. They capture women, children, and livestock as plunder.
Numbers 31:13–18 Moses' Anger and Instructions
Moses meets the returning soldiers and expresses anger for sparing the women, who had led Israel into sin. He commands them to kill all males and women who have known a man.
Numbers 31:19–24 Purification After Battle
Moses instructs purification rituals for those who killed or touched the dead. This includes specific instructions for cleansing garments and items.
Numbers 31:25–31 Division of Plunder
Yahweh commands Moses to count and divide the plunder between the soldiers and the congregation, setting aside a tribute for the priests.
Numbers 31:32–41 Details of the Plunder
The chapter provides a detailed account of the spoils taken from Midian, including livestock and captives, along with the distribution percentages.
Numbers 31:42–54 Offering and Memorial
Moses takes a tribute from the congregation's half and gives it to the Levites, ensuring that the gold and offerings are dedicated to Yahweh.
Key verses
Numbers 31:7Numbers 31:7 encapsulates the chapter's focus on obedience to divine commands, illustrating the fulfillment of God's orders in the face of sin.
Main themes in Numbers 31
Divine Justice
Divine Justice is highlighted when Yahweh commands vengeance against Midian for leading Israel into sin. The chapter illustrates the severity of their actions and the resulting punishment, reinforcing the idea that sin has serious consequences. This theme is crucial as it depicts God's commitment to uphold justice among His people.
Consequences of Sin
Consequences of Sin manifest in the instructions to kill Midianite males and certain women due to their role in causing Israel's transgressions. The chapter underscores how sin can lead to severe repercussions, particularly through the lens of idolatry and sexual immorality. This serves as a warning about the dangers of leading others into sin.
Holiness and Purification
Holiness and Purification emerge as Moses outlines rituals for those involved in battle to cleanse themselves. The requirement for purification after violence emphasizes God's holiness and the need for His people to remain clean and set apart. This theme reflects the seriousness of approaching God after engaging in acts of war.
Obedience to God's Command
Obedience to God's Command is evident as Moses and the Israelites follow Yahweh's directives throughout the chapter. The careful division of the plunder and adherence to purification rituals show their commitment to God's laws. This theme reinforces the importance of listening to divine instruction, especially in matters of warfare and holiness.
Cross-references
Passages that echo Numbers 31
- Numbers 25This connects through the narrative of Israel's sin with Midian, leading to divine judgment.
- 1 Samuel 30This echoes the theme of recovering plunder after conflict, stressing the importance of restoring what was taken.
- Numbers 19This develops the theme of purification laws, providing background on the need for ritual cleansing after contact with death.
- Deuteronomy 20This connects through military instructions for Israel, highlighting God's guidance in warfare.
- Revelation 2This echoes the consequences of leading others into sin, relating to the actions of Balaam's counsel.
- Numbers 18This connects through the regulations for the Levites and their role in receiving offerings from the people.
Study questions
Questions for studying Numbers 31
- What does Yahweh command Moses regarding the Midianites?
- How does Moses react to the soldiers' treatment of the captives?
- What purification rituals are outlined after the battle?
- What specific items were included in the plunder from Midian?
- How is the tribute to God determined in this chapter?
- What is the significance of the wave offering presented to Eleazar?
- How does this chapter illustrate the consequences of idolatry?
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