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Esther 9

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1Now in the twelfth month, which is the month Adar, on the thirteenth day of the month, when the king’s commandment and his decree came near to be put in execution, on the day that the enemies of the Jews hoped to conquer them, (but it was turned out the opposite happened, that the Jews conquered those who hated them), 2the Jews gathered themselves together in their cities throughout all the provinces of the King Ahasuerus, to lay hands on those who wanted to harm them. No one could withstand them, because the fear of them had fallen on all the people. 3All the princes of the provinces, the satraps, the governors, and those who did the king’s business helped the Jews, because the fear of Mordecai had fallen on them. 4For Mordecai was great in the king’s house, and his fame went out throughout all the provinces; for the man Mordecai grew greater and greater. 5The Jews struck all their enemies with the stroke of the sword, and with slaughter and destruction, and did what they wanted to those who hated them. 6In the citadel of Susa, the Jews killed and destroyed five hundred men. 7They killed Parshandatha, Dalphon, Aspatha, 8Poratha, Adalia, Aridatha, 9Parmashta, Arisai, Aridai, and Vaizatha, 10the ten sons of Haman the son of Hammedatha, the Jews’ enemy, but they didn’t lay their hand on the plunder. 11On that day, the number of those who were slain in the citadel of Susa was brought before the king. 12The king said to Esther the queen, “The Jews have slain and destroyed five hundred men in the citadel of Susa, including the ten sons of Haman; what then have they done in the rest of the king’s provinces! Now what is your petition? It shall be granted you. What is your further request? It shall be done.” 13Then Esther said, “If it pleases the king, let it be granted to the Jews who are in Shushan to do tomorrow also according to today’s decree, and let Haman’s ten sons be hanged on the gallows.” 14The king commanded this to be done. A decree was given out in Shushan; and they hanged Haman’s ten sons. 15The Jews who were in Shushan gathered themselves together on the fourteenth day also of the month Adar, and killed three hundred men in Shushan; but they didn’t lay their hand on the plunder. 16The other Jews who were in the king’s provinces gathered themselves together, defended their lives, had rest from their enemies, and killed seventy-five thousand of those who hated them; but they didn’t lay their hand on the plunder. 17This was done on the thirteenth day of the month Adar; and on the fourteenth day of that month they rested and made it a day of feasting and gladness. 18But the Jews who were in Shushan assembled together on the thirteenth and on the fourteenth days of the month; and on the fifteenth day of that month, they rested, and made it a day of feasting and gladness. 19Therefore the Jews of the villages, who live in the unwalled towns, make the fourteenth day of the month Adar a day of gladness and feasting, a good day, and a day of sending presents of food to one another. 20Mordecai wrote these things, and sent letters to all the Jews who were in all the provinces of the king Ahasuerus, both near and far, 21to enjoin them that they should keep the fourteenth and fifteenth days of the month Adar yearly, 22as the days in which the Jews had rest from their enemies, and the month which was turned to them from sorrow to gladness, and from mourning into a good day; that they should make them days of feasting and gladness, and of sending presents of food to one another, and gifts to the needy. 23The Jews accepted the custom that they had begun, as Mordecai had written to them; 24because Haman the son of Hammedatha, the Agagite, the enemy of all the Jews, had plotted against the Jews to destroy them, and had cast “Pur”, that is the lot, to consume them, and to destroy them; 25but when this became known to the king, he commanded by letters that his wicked plan, which he had planned against the Jews, should return on his own head, and that he and his sons should be hanged on the gallows. 26Therefore they called these days “Purim”, from the word “Pur.” Therefore because of all the words of this letter, and of that which they had seen concerning this matter, and that which had come to them, 27the Jews established, and imposed on themselves, and on their descendants, and on all those who joined themselves to them, so that it should not fail, that they would keep these two days according to what was written, and according to its appointed time, every year; 28and that these days should be remembered and kept throughout every generation, every family, every province, and every city; and that these days of Purim should not fail from among the Jews, nor their memory perish from their offspring, 29Then Esther the queen, the daughter of Abihail, and Mordecai the Jew, wrote with all authority to confirm this second letter of Purim. 30He sent letters to all the Jews, to the hundred twenty-seven provinces of the kingdom of Ahasuerus, with words of peace and truth, 31to confirm these days of Purim in their appointed times, as Mordecai the Jew and Esther the queen had decreed, and as they had imposed upon themselves and their descendants, in the matter of the fastings and their cry. 32The commandment of Esther confirmed these matters of Purim; and it was written in the book.

World English Bible (public domain)

"But the Jews undertook to do as they had started, and as Mordecai had written to them."

Esther 9:23

Summary

In Esther chapter 9, the Jews successfully defend themselves against their enemies on the day that was initially appointed for their destruction by Haman's decree. With the support of local officials, the Jews gain influence and overcome those who sought their harm, resulting in the death of many adversaries including Haman's ten sons. Subsequently, at Queen Esther's request, the king permits another day for the Jews in Susa to defeat their enemies and allows the hanging of Haman's sons. This victory leads to joy and relief among the Jewish people. The chapter introduces the institution of the Feast of Purim, which Esther and Mordecai establish to commemorate the deliverance of the Jews. The festival involves feasting, laughter, and the giving of gifts, signifying the reversal of fortune from sorrow and doom to joy and celebration. Theologically, Esther 9 highlights themes of divine providence, justice, and celebration of deliverance. It demonstrates that even when God seems absent, His hand guides the protection of His people. The chapter also marks a significant shift from vulnerability to empowerment for the Jewish community, signifying their unity and resilience.

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Chapter outline

How Esther 9 unfolds

  1. Esther 9:1–2 The Jews' Victory Begins

    On the day set for their destruction, the Jews gather to defend themselves, resulting in their victory over their enemies.

  2. Esther 9:3–4 Support from Officials

    Local officials help the Jews due to Mordecai’s growing reputation and influence in the king’s house.

  3. Esther 9:5–10 Defeat of Adversaries

    The Jews defeat their enemies with force, killing many, including Haman's ten sons, yet refrain from taking plunder.

  4. Esther 9:11–14 Report to the King

    The king is informed of the Jews' actions and grants Esther's request for another day of defense and execution of Haman's sons.

  5. Esther 9:15–19 Continued Defense and Rest

    In Susa, the Jews kill more enemies; they also set aside days for feasting and joy following their victory.

  6. Esther 9:20–28 Establishment of Purim

    Mordecai writes to confirm the observance of Purim, commemorating the Jews’ deliverance and the reversal of their fortunes.

  7. Esther 9:29–32 Confirmation of the Decree

    Esther and Mordecai write to ensure the observance of Purim is maintained through generations, solidifying its significance.

Key verses

  • Esther 9:23This key verse emphasizes the Jews' commitment to observe Purim, highlighting their unity and the enduring nature of their deliverance.

Main themes in Esther 9

Divine Providence

Divine providence is evident in Esther 9 as the Jews achieve victory against their enemies, reflecting God’s hidden guidance. The reversal of their fate from destruction to triumph shows how God orchestrates events for His people. This theme underscores the idea that even in adversity, God is at work for the good of those who trust in Him.

Justice

Justice surfaces prominently in Esther 9, particularly when the plot devised by Haman against the Jews is overturned, culminating in the execution of his sons (verse 10). The king's directive to hang Haman's sons serves as a stark reminder that evil intentions, no matter how powerful, will ultimately lead to consequences and justice for the oppressed. This development emphasizes the overarching narrative of the chapter, illustrating that divine justice prevails over human malice, affirming God's sovereignty in the face of adversity.

Deliverance

Deliverance is a central theme as the Jews are saved from annihilation on the day set for their destruction. Their successful defense and the subsequent establishment of Purim highlight their newfound freedom and joy. This deliverance not only marks a significant historical moment but also reinforces the hope for ongoing protection.

Celebration

Celebration is vividly depicted in the establishment of the festival of Purim, where the Jews gather to rejoice and feast following their significant victory over their enemies (verse 22). The chapter illustrates the critical role of communal festivities and the exchange of gifts, highlighting the importance of remembering and honoring their deliverance from imminent destruction. This celebration not only marks a transition from despair to joy but also solidifies a pivotal moment in Jewish identity, reinforcing their resilience and communal strength.

Cross-references

Passages that echo Esther 9

Study questions

Questions for studying Esther 9

  1. What significant event occurs on the thirteenth day of Adar?
  2. How does Mordecai's reputation affect the outcome for the Jews?
  3. What reasons do the Jews have for not taking plunder?
  4. Why does Esther request another day of fighting in Susa?
  5. How do the observances of Purim change the Jewish experience?
  6. What actions confirm the establishment of Purim as a festival?
  7. How does the chapter illustrate the theme of divine providence?

Esther 9: frequently asked questions

What is Esther 9 about?+
In Esther chapter 9, the Jews successfully defend themselves against their enemies on the day that was initially appointed for their destruction by Haman's decree. With the support of local officials, the Jews gain influence and overcome those who sought their harm, resulting in the death of many adversaries including Haman's ten sons. Subsequently, at Queen Esther's request, the king permits another day for the Jews in Susa to defeat their enemies and allows the hanging of Haman's sons. This victory leads to joy and relief among the Jewish people. The chapter introduces the institution of the Feast of Purim, which Esther and Mordecai establish to commemorate the deliverance of the Jews. The festival involves feasting, laughter, and the giving of gifts, signifying the reversal of fortune from sorrow and doom to joy and celebration. Theologically, Esther 9 highlights themes of divine providence, justice, and celebration of deliverance. It demonstrates that even when God seems absent, His hand guides the protection of His people. The chapter also marks a significant shift from vulnerability to empowerment for the Jewish community, signifying their unity and resilience.
What is the key verse in Esther 9?+
Esther 9:23: ""But the Jews undertook to do as they had started, and as Mordecai had written to them.""
What are the main themes of Esther 9?+
The main themes of Esther 9 are Divine Providence, Justice, Deliverance, Celebration.

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Study Notes