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Genesis 38

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1At that time, Judah went down from his brothers, and visited a certain Adullamite, whose name was Hirah. 2Judah saw there a certain Canaanite man named Shua’s daughter. He took her, and went in to her. 3She conceived, and bore a son; and he named him Er. 4She conceived again, and bore a son; and she named him Onan. 5She yet again bore a son, and named him Shelah: and he was at Chezib, when she bore him. 6Judah took a wife for Er, his firstborn, and her name was Tamar. 7Er, Judah’s firstborn, was wicked in Yahweh’s sight. Yahweh killed him. 8Judah said to Onan, “Go in to your brother’s wife, and perform the duty of a husband’s brother to her, and raise up offspring for your brother.” 9Onan knew that the offspring wouldn’t be his; and when he went in to his brother’s wife, he spilled it on the ground, lest he should give offspring to his brother. 10The thing which he did was evil in Yahweh’s sight, and he killed him also. 11Then Judah said to Tamar, his daughter-in-law, “Remain a widow in your father’s house, until Shelah, my son, is grown up”; for he said, “Lest he also die, like his brothers.” Tamar went and lived in her father’s house. 12After many days, Shua’s daughter, the wife of Judah, died. Judah was comforted, and went up to his sheep shearers to Timnah, he and his friend Hirah, the Adullamite. 13Tamar was told, “Behold, your father-in-law is going up to Timnah to shear his sheep.” 14She took off her the garments of her widowhood, and covered herself with her veil, and wrapped herself, and sat in the gate of Enaim, which is by the way to Timnah; for she saw that Shelah was grown up, and she wasn’t given to him as a wife. 15When Judah saw her, he thought that she was a prostitute, for she had covered her face. 16He turned to her by the way, and said, “Please come, let me come in to you,” for he didn’t know that she was his daughter-in-law. She said, “What will you give me, that you may come in to me?” 17He said, “I will send you a young goat from the flock.” She said, “Will you give me a pledge, until you send it?” 18He said, “What pledge will I give you?” She said, “Your signet and your cord, and your staff that is in your hand.” He gave them to her, and came in to her, and she conceived by him. 19She arose, and went away, and put off her veil from her, and put on the garments of her widowhood. 20Judah sent the young goat by the hand of his friend, the Adullamite, to receive the pledge from the woman’s hand, but he didn’t find her. 21Then he asked the men of her place, saying, “Where is the prostitute, that was at Enaim by the road?” They said, “There has been no prostitute here.” 22He returned to Judah, and said, “I haven’t found her; and also the men of the place said, ‘There has been no prostitute here.’” 23Judah said, “Let her keep it, lest we be shamed. Behold, I sent this young goat, and you haven’t found her.” 24About three months later, Judah was told, “Tamar, your daughter-in-law, has played the prostitute. Moreover, behold, she is with child by prostitution.” Judah said, “Bring her out, and let her be burned.” 25When she was brought out, she sent to her father-in-law, saying, “By the man, whose these are, I am with child.” She also said, “Please discern whose are these—the signet, and the cords, and the staff.” 26Judah acknowledged them, and said, “She is more righteous than I, because I didn’t give her to Shelah, my son.” He knew her again no more. 27In the time of her travail, behold, twins were in her womb. 28When she travailed, one put out a hand, and the midwife took and tied a scarlet thread on his hand, saying, “This came out first.” 29As he drew back his hand, behold, his brother came out, and she said, “Why have you made a breach for yourself?” Therefore his name was called Perez. 30Afterward his brother came out, that had the scarlet thread on his hand, and his name was called Zerah.

World English Bible (public domain)

And he said, ‘She is more righteous than I, since I did not give her to my son Shelah.’ And he did not know her again.

Genesis 38:26

Summary

Genesis chapter 38 presents a stark narrative that interrupts the overarching story of Joseph. It focuses on Judah, one of Jacob's sons, and highlights his actions following a significant personal tragedy. After leaving his family, Judah marries a Canaanite woman and has three sons. When his firstborn, Er, dies due to wickedness, Judah instructs his second son, Onan, to fulfill the duty of levirate marriage. Onan, however, disobeys God's command and dies as a result. Judah then tells his daughter-in-law Tamar to return to her father's house until his youngest son, Shelah, is old enough to marry her, but he fears for Shelah’s life as well. Tamar, believing she has been wronged, disguises herself as a prostitute, deceives Judah, and becomes pregnant by him. Upon discovering Tamar’s pregnancy, Judah initially orders her to be burned for her perceived immorality, only to later recognize his own culpability when she reveals that he is the father. The chapter concludes with the birth of twins, Perez and Zerah, through Tamar, emphasizing God's ability to bring forth purpose and lineage from flawed circumstances.

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Chapter outline

How Genesis 38 unfolds

  1. Genesis 38:1–5 Judah's Marriage and Children

    Judah departs from his brothers and marries a Canaanite woman named Shua, with whom he has three sons: Er, Onan, and Shelah.

  2. Genesis 38:6–11 Judah's Sons and Their Fates

    Judah arranges a marriage for Er with Tamar, but Er's wickedness leads to his death, prompting Judah to instruct Onan to fulfill the levirate duty.

  3. Genesis 38:12–20 Tamar's Disguise and Deception

    After Judah's wife dies, Tamar disguises herself as a prostitute to seduce Judah, resulting in her becoming pregnant.

  4. Genesis 38:21–24 Judah's Search and Response

    Judah sends his friend to find the prostitute, but learns she is not found; he decides to let the matter be to avoid shame.

  5. Genesis 38:25–30 Tamar's Revelation and Birth

    When Tamar is accused of immorality, she reveals Judah's signet as proof of his paternity, leading to Judah's acknowledgment and the birth of twins.

Key verses

  • Genesis 38:26Judah's acknowledgment of Tamar's righteousness underscores the chapter's exploration of moral complexities and divine purpose.

Main themes in Genesis 38

Redemption

Redemption is evident in Tamar's actions, particularly in verses 14-16, where she takes bold steps to ensure the continuation of her family line. By disguising herself and confronting Judah, she addresses the injustice done to her, ultimately leading to the birth of Perez, who becomes an ancestor of David. This theme underscores how God's redemptive plans can emerge from morally complex situations, illustrating the possibility of hope and new beginnings.

Justice and Mercy

Judah's initial demand for Tamar’s punishment in verse 24 reflects a strict and unforgiving view of justice. However, as he confronts the reality of his own actions, he acknowledges Tamar's righteousness, which introduces a vital tension between justice and mercy. This interplay emphasizes the complexities of moral accountability, especially within familial relationships, and invites reflection on how justice should be balanced with compassion.

The Role of Women

Tamar's role in this narrative, especially in verses 14-19, highlights the limited agency that women experienced in ancient society. Despite these constraints, she displays remarkable resilience and resourcefulness by taking decisive action to secure her future and that of her family. Her story not only challenges traditional gender roles but also illuminates the significant part women play in the unfolding of God's purposes.

God's Sovereignty

God's sovereignty is woven throughout Genesis 38, particularly in the events surrounding the births of Perez and Zerah in verses 27-30. Despite the moral flaws and failures displayed by the characters, the narrative illustrates how God's purposes prevail despite human shortcomings. This reinforces the understanding that God can orchestrate His will through imperfect situations, ultimately fulfilling His divine plan.

Cross-references

Passages that echo Genesis 38

Study questions

Questions for studying Genesis 38

  1. Who were Judah's three sons and what happened to them?
  2. What was Judah's initial reaction to Tamar's pregnancy?
  3. How did Tamar's actions challenge Judah's authority?
  4. What does Judah's acknowledgment of guilt reveal about his character?
  5. In what ways does the birth of Perez and Zerah affect the lineage of Judah?
  6. What cultural practices are highlighted in this chapter regarding levirate marriage?
  7. How does this chapter relate to the overall narrative of Joseph?

Genesis 38: frequently asked questions

What is Genesis 38 about?+
Genesis chapter 38 presents a stark narrative that interrupts the overarching story of Joseph. It focuses on Judah, one of Jacob's sons, and highlights his actions following a significant personal tragedy. After leaving his family, Judah marries a Canaanite woman and has three sons. When his firstborn, Er, dies due to wickedness, Judah instructs his second son, Onan, to fulfill the duty of levirate marriage. Onan, however, disobeys God's command and dies as a result. Judah then tells his daughter-in-law Tamar to return to her father's house until his youngest son, Shelah, is old enough to marry her, but he fears for Shelah’s life as well. Tamar, believing she has been wronged, disguises herself as a prostitute, deceives Judah, and becomes pregnant by him. Upon discovering Tamar’s pregnancy, Judah initially orders her to be burned for her perceived immorality, only to later recognize his own culpability when she reveals that he is the father. The chapter concludes with the birth of twins, Perez and Zerah, through Tamar, emphasizing God's ability to bring forth purpose and lineage from flawed circumstances.
What is the key verse in Genesis 38?+
Genesis 38:26: "And he said, ‘She is more righteous than I, since I did not give her to my son Shelah.’ And he did not know her again."
What are the main themes of Genesis 38?+
The main themes of Genesis 38 are Redemption, Justice and Mercy, The Role of Women, God's Sovereignty.

Related chapters

Chapters that connect with Genesis 38

Study Notes