Ruth 1
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1In the days when the judges judged, there was a famine in the land. A certain man of Bethlehem Judah went to live in the country of Moab, he, and his wife, and his two sons. 2The name of the man was Elimelech, and the name of his wife Naomi. The names of his two sons were Mahlon and Chilion, Ephrathites of Bethlehem Judah. They came into the country of Moab, and lived there. 3Elimelech, Naomi’s husband, died; and she was left with her two sons. 4They took for themselves wives of the women of Moab. The name of the one was Orpah, and the name of the other was Ruth. They lived there about ten years. 5Mahlon and Chilion both died, and the woman was bereaved of her two children and of her husband. 6Then she arose with her daughters-in-law, that she might return from the country of Moab; for she had heard in the country of Moab how Yahweh had visited his people in giving them bread. 7She went out of the place where she was, and her two daughters-in-law with her. They went on the way to return to the land of Judah. 8Naomi said to her two daughters-in-law, “Go, return each of you to her mother’s house. May Yahweh deal kindly with you, as you have dealt with the dead, and with me. 9May Yahweh grant you that you may find rest, each of you in the house of her husband.” Then she kissed them, and they lifted up their voices, and wept. 10They said to her, “No, but we will return with you to your people.” 11Naomi said, “Go back, my daughters. Why do you want to go with me? Do I still have sons in my womb, that they may be your husbands? 12Go back, my daughters, go your way; for I am too old to have a husband. If I should say, ‘I have hope,’ if I should even have a husband tonight, and should also bear sons; 13would you then wait until they were grown? Would you then refrain from having husbands? No, my daughters, for it grieves me seriously for your sakes, for Yahweh’s hand has gone out against me.” 14They lifted up their voices, and wept again; then Orpah kissed her mother-in-law, but Ruth joined with her. 15She said, “Behold, your sister-in-law has gone back to her people, and to her god. Follow your sister-in-law.” 16Ruth said, “Don’t urge me to leave you, and to return from following you, for where you go, I will go; and where you stay, I will stay. Your people will be my people, and your God my God. 17Where you die, I will die, and there I will be buried. May Yahweh do so to me, and more also, if anything but death parts you and me.” 18When she saw that she was determined to go with her, she stopped urging her. 19So they both went until they came to Bethlehem. When they had come to Bethlehem, all the city was excited about them, and they asked, “Is this Naomi?” 20She said to them, “Don’t call me Naomi. Call me Mara; for the Almighty has dealt very bitterly with me. 21I went out full, and Yahweh has brought me home again empty. Why do you call me Naomi, since Yahweh has testified against me, and the Almighty has afflicted me?” 22So Naomi returned, and Ruth the Moabitess, her daughter-in-law, with her, who returned out of the country of Moab. They came to Bethlehem in the beginning of barley harvest.
World English Bible (public domain)
“But Ruth said, “Do not urge me to leave you or to return from following you. For where you go I will go, and where you lodge I will lodge. Your people shall be my people, and your God my God.””
Ruth 1:16
Summary
Ruth chapter 1 opens with a narrative of a family from Bethlehem who relocates to Moab due to a famine in Judah. Elimelech, the patriarch, takes his wife Naomi and their two sons to seek a better life. Tragically, Elimelech dies in Moab, leaving Naomi with her two sons who marry Moabite women, Orpah and Ruth. After about ten years, both sons die, leaving Naomi bereft and bereaved. Hearing that the famine in Judah has ended, Naomi decides to return to Bethlehem and urges her daughters-in-law to stay in Moab. Orpah chooses to return to her people, but Ruth famously clings to Naomi, declaring her loyalty and commitment to accompany her mother-in-law, famously stating, 'Where you go I will go, and where you lodge I will lodge.' This chapter establishes the profound bond between Naomi and Ruth and sets the stage for themes of loyalty, providence, and redemption. Ruth’s decision to stay with Naomi emphasizes the power of faithfulness in relationships and the inclusion of Gentiles in God’s plan of salvation.
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Chapter outline
How Ruth 1 unfolds
Ruth 1:1–2 The Family of Elimelech
During a famine in Judah, Elimelech and his family leave Bethlehem for Moab in search of sustenance.
Ruth 1:3–5 Tragedy Strikes Naomi
Elimelech dies, leaving Naomi with her two sons, who later marry Moabite women but also die, resulting in Naomi's deep sorrow.
Ruth 1:6–9 Naomi Decides to Return
Hearing that Judah's famine has ended, Naomi resolves to return home and encourages her daughters-in-law to stay in Moab.
Ruth 1:10–14 Ruth's Loyalty to Naomi
Both daughters-in-law initially wish to accompany Naomi, but Orpah eventually returns to her people, while Ruth pledges her unwavering loyalty to Naomi.
Ruth 1:15–18 Ruth's Commitment
Ruth expresses her determination to stay with Naomi, emphasizing the depth of her loyalty and commitment through a heartfelt declaration.
Ruth 1:19–21 Naomi's Bitterness
Upon returning to Bethlehem, Naomi asks to be called Mara, expressing her sorrow over her losses and feeling abandoned by God.
Ruth 1:22 Arrival in Bethlehem
Naomi and Ruth arrive in Bethlehem at the beginning of the barley harvest, setting the stage for further developments.
Key verses
Ruth 1:16Ruth 1:16 encapsulates the essence of loyalty and commitment, highlighting a pivotal moment in the narrative.
Main themes in Ruth 1
loyalty
Ruth's loyalty to Naomi is profoundly illustrated in her declaration in verses 16-17, where she pledges to stay with her mother-in-law despite the hardships ahead. This commitment is more than mere duty; it represents a deep emotional bond that transcends familial ties and cultural expectations. In this chapter, Ruth's loyalty not only shapes their relationship but also sets the stage for her significant role in the unfolding narrative of redemption.
faithfulness
The theme of faithfulness emerges as Ruth remains steadfast in her commitment to Naomi, despite the loss and uncertainty they face. This faithfulness is not only emotional but also spiritual, as Ruth adopts Naomi's people and God as her own. It underscores the importance of faithfulness in relationships and God's plan for redemption.
redemption
Redemption is hinted at through Naomi's return to Bethlehem and Ruth's commitment to her, suggesting a future transformation. The chapter foreshadows the redemptive journey that will unfold, as Ruth's loyalty sets the stage for God's provision and grace. This theme is central in understanding how God works through human relationships.
God's providence
God's providence is suggested through Naomi's decision to return to Bethlehem after hearing about the end of the famine. Despite her bitterness, the chapter hints at God's overarching plan and provision, demonstrated in the timing of their return during the barley harvest. This sets a backdrop for the unfolding narrative of hope and restoration.
Cross-references
Passages that echo Ruth 1
- Joshua 24Both passages reflect themes of loyalty to one's people and God, emphasizing commitment in the face of decisions.
- Ruth 2Ruth's actions in this chapter pave the way for her future encounters in Ruth 2, highlighting her loyalty and hard work.
- 2 Samuel 15This narrative echoes themes of loyalty and the challenges of returning home amidst loss and upheaval.
- Ruth 3Ruth's commitment to Naomi sets the stage for her actions in Ruth 3, illustrating the unfolding of God's plan.
- 2 Kings 2The loyalty between Ruth and Naomi connects with the bond seen between Elijah and Elisha, emphasizing fidelity.
- 1 Corinthians 15The themes of loss and hope in Ruth resonate with the broader narrative of resurrection and restoration in the New Testament.
Study questions
Questions for studying Ruth 1
- What prompted Elimelech's family to move to Moab?
- How does Naomi's perspective on her situation change?
- What does Ruth's declaration reveal about her character?
- How do the reactions of Orpah and Ruth differ?
- What significance does the barley harvest have in the story?
- How does Naomi's name change reflect her feelings?
- What role does God's providence play in this chapter?
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