ScriptureDepth's study of Exodus 9
“Yahweh hardened the heart of Pharaoh, and he didn’t listen to them, as Yahweh had spoken to Moses.”
Exodus 9:12
Yahweh states that he has hardened Pharaoh's heart, a decisive act that ensures Pharaoh will not listen to Moses, furthering the conflict and plagues in Egypt.
What Exodus 9 is about
Yahweh commands Moses to tell Pharaoh to let the Israelites go or face a grievous pestilence on Egyptian livestock (vv. 1-3). All the livestock of Egypt die, but none from Israel do (vv. 4-6). Despite this, Pharaoh hardens his heart and refuses to release the Israelites (vv. 7). Yahweh instructs Moses to sprinkle ashes, resulting in boils on the Egyptians and their animals (vv. 8-12). Moses warns Pharaoh of a coming hailstorm that will devastate the land (vv. 13-22). When the hail falls, it destroys crops and livestock in Egypt, but spares the land of Goshen (vv. 23-26). Pharaoh confesses his sin and asks Moses to pray to stop the hail, promising to let the Israelites go (vv. 27-30). After the storm, Pharaoh hardens his heart again, disobeying Yahweh's command (vv. 31-34). His heart remains hardened, and he does not let Israel go (v. 35).
Pharaoh's continued refusal to heed Yahweh's commands leaves the Israelites still in bondage.
Exodus 9 at a glance
- Exodus 9:1–7The Fifth Plague Announced
- Exodus 9:8–12The Sixth Plague: Boils
- Exodus 9:13–22Warning of Hail
- Exodus 9:23–26Hail Falls
- Exodus 9:27–30Pharaoh's Confession and Promise
- Exodus 9:31–34Aftermath of the Hail
- Exodus 9:35Pharaoh's Hardened Heart
Key verse: Exodus 9:12
One thing to notice
An interaction occurs between Pharaoh and Moses regarding acknowledgment of sin. In v. 27, Pharaoh says, 'I have sinned this time,' and in v. 34, he 'hardened his heart.' This shows a shift after his acknowledgment.
Summary and study helps: AI-drafted (September 2026), checked by automated Scripture gates. Spotted an error? Report it. Fixes are listed on the corrections page.
Chapter text
Read Exodus 9 (WEB)
The Fifth Plague Announced Exodus 9:1–7
1Verse 1. Then Yahweh said to Moses, “Go in to Pharaoh, and tell him, ‘This is what Yahweh, the God of the Hebrews, says: “Let my people go, that they may serve me. 2Verse 2. For if you refuse to let them go, and hold them still, 3Verse 3. behold, Yahweh’s hand is on your livestock which are in the field, on the horses, on the donkeys, on the camels, on the herds, and on the flocks with a very grievous pestilence. 4Verse 4. Yahweh will make a distinction between the livestock of Israel and the livestock of Egypt; and nothing shall die of all that belongs to the children of Israel.”’”
5Verse 5. Yahweh appointed a set time, saying, “Tomorrow Yahweh shall do this thing in the land.” 6Verse 6. Yahweh did that thing on the next day; and all the livestock of Egypt died, but of the livestock of the children of Israel, not one died. 7Verse 7. Pharaoh sent, and, behold, there was not so much as one of the livestock of the Israelites dead. But the heart of Pharaoh was stubborn, and he didn’t let the people go.
The Sixth Plague: Boils Exodus 9:8–12
8Verse 8. Yahweh said to Moses and to Aaron, “Take to you handfuls of ashes of the furnace, and let Moses sprinkle it toward the sky in the sight of Pharaoh. 9Verse 9. It shall become small dust over all the land of Egypt, and shall be a boil breaking out with boils on man and on animal, throughout all the land of Egypt.” 10Verse 10. They took ashes of the furnace, and stood before Pharaoh; and Moses sprinkled it up toward the sky; and it became a boil breaking out with boils on man and on animal. 11Verse 11. The magicians couldn’t stand before Moses because of the boils; for the boils were on the magicians, and on all the Egyptians.
12Verse 12. Yahweh hardened the heart of Pharaoh, and he didn’t listen to them, as Yahweh had spoken to Moses.
Warning of Hail Exodus 9:13–22
13Verse 13. Yahweh said to Moses, “Rise up early in the morning, and stand before Pharaoh, and tell him, ‘This is what Yahweh, the God of the Hebrews, says: “Let my people go, that they may serve me. 14Verse 14. For this time I will send all my plagues against your heart, against your officials, and against your people; that you may know that there is no one like me in all the earth. 15Verse 15. For now I would have stretched out my hand, and struck you and your people with pestilence, and you would have been cut off from the earth; 16Verse 16. but indeed for this cause I have made you stand: to show you my power, and that my name may be declared throughout all the earth;
17Verse 17. as you still exalt yourself against my people, that you won’t let them go. 18Verse 18. Behold, tomorrow about this time I will cause it to rain a very grievous hail, such as has not been in Egypt since the day it was founded even until now. 19Verse 19. Now therefore command that all of your livestock and all that you have in the field be brought into shelter. Every man and animal that is found in the field, and isn’t brought home, the hail shall come down on them, and they shall die.”’” 20Verse 20. Those who feared Yahweh’s word among the servants of Pharaoh made their servants and their livestock flee into the houses.
21Verse 21. Whoever didn’t respect Yahweh’s word left his servants and his livestock in the field. 22Verse 22. Yahweh said to Moses, “Stretch out your hand toward the sky, that there may be hail in all the land of Egypt, on man, and on animal, and on every herb of the field, throughout the land of Egypt.”
Hail Falls Exodus 9:23–26
23Verse 23. Moses stretched out his rod toward the heavens, and Yahweh sent thunder, hail, and lightning flashed down to the earth. Yahweh rained hail on the land of Egypt. 24Verse 24. So there was very severe hail, and lightning mixed with the hail, such as had not been in all the land of Egypt since it became a nation. 25Verse 25. The hail struck throughout all the land of Egypt all that was in the field, both man and animal; and the hail struck every herb of the field, and broke every tree of the field. 26Verse 26. Only in the land of Goshen, where the children of Israel were, there was no hail.
Pharaoh's Confession and Promise Exodus 9:27–30
27Verse 27. Pharaoh sent, and called for Moses and Aaron, and said to them, “I have sinned this time. Yahweh is righteous, and I and my people are wicked. 28Verse 28. Pray to Yahweh; for there has been enough of mighty thunderings and hail. I will let you go, and you shall stay no longer.” 29Verse 29. Moses said to him, “As soon as I have gone out of the city, I will spread abroad my hands to Yahweh. The thunders shall cease, and there will not be any more hail; that you may know that the earth is Yahweh’s. 30Verse 30. But as for you and your servants, I know that you don’t yet fear Yahweh God.”
Aftermath of the Hail Exodus 9:31–34
31Verse 31. The flax and the barley were struck, for the barley was in the ear, and the flax was in bloom. 32Verse 32. But the wheat and the spelt were not struck, for they had not grown up. 33Verse 33. Moses went out of the city from Pharaoh, and spread abroad his hands to Yahweh; and the thunders and hail ceased, and the rain was not poured on the earth. 34Verse 34. When Pharaoh saw that the rain and the hail and the thunders had ceased, he sinned yet more, and hardened his heart, he and his servants.
Pharaoh's Hardened Heart Exodus 9:35
35Verse 35. The heart of Pharaoh was hardened, and he didn’t let the children of Israel go, just as Yahweh had spoken through Moses.
World English Bible (public domain)
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Main themes in Exodus 9
God's sovereignty
In this chapter, God's sovereignty is evident as He directly intervenes in Egypt through plagues that serve His purpose. In v. 14, God states that He sends plagues 'against your heart, against your officials, and against your people'; this shows His control over both nature and the human heart. The distinct protection of Israel's livestock in v. 4 reinforces His authority over life and death.
Judgment and mercy
In Exodus 9, judgment and mercy are displayed through God's actions. In verse 6, all Egyptian livestock die due to the pestilence, showing God's severe judgment. Conversely, verse 4 reveals that the livestock of Israel are spared, demonstrating God's mercy toward them. Pharaoh acknowledges God's righteousness in verse 27, yet his hardening of heart in verse 34 complicates the relationship between judgment and mercy.
Human hardheartedness
Human hardheartedness is particularly evident in Pharaoh's repeated refusal to heed God's warnings. After witnessing the devastating effects of the plagues, such as in v. 7 where Pharaoh's heart remains stubborn, he continues to resist God's command. This theme culminates in v. 35, where it is stated that 'the heart of Pharaoh was hardened' despite clear signs of divine power, showing a deliberate choice against obedience.
Divine revelation
Divine revelation is evident as God reveals His nature and power through the plagues in this chapter. In verse 16, God informs Pharaoh that he has been raised up to show His power, indicating His intentions. The actions throughout this chapter make God's character known to both Pharaoh and the Israelites, highlighting His unique authority over all creation.
Chapter outline
How Exodus 9 unfolds
Exodus 9:1–7 The Fifth Plague Announced
Yahweh commands Moses to inform Pharaoh of a grievous pestilence on Egypt's livestock if he does not let the Israelites go, and when this occurs, none of Israel's livestock die. Pharaoh remains stubborn and does not comply.
Exodus 9:8–12 The Sixth Plague: Boils
Moses is instructed to take ashes and sprinkle them in the sight of Pharaoh, resulting in boils on both man and animal in Egypt (vv. 8-10). The magicians cannot stand before Moses due to the boils afflicting them as well (vv. 11-12).
Exodus 9:13–22 Warning of Hail
Yahweh instructs Moses to warn Pharaoh that He will unleash all plagues upon Egypt, emphasizing His power and the stakes of Pharaoh's stubbornness (vv. 13-17). Moses warns of an impending hailstorm and instructs Pharaoh to protect his livestock (vv. 18-22).
Exodus 9:23–26 Hail Falls
Moses stretches out his hand at Yahweh's command, and severe hail, accompanied by thunder and lightning, falls over Egypt (vv. 23-24). The hail destroys crops and livestock in the fields, while Goshen remains unharmed (vv. 25-26).
Exodus 9:27–30 Pharaoh's Confession and Promise
Pharaoh confesses his sin to Moses, asking him to pray for the hail to stop, and promises to let the Israelites go after the storm. Moses agrees to pray, and the cessation of hail will reveal Yahweh's authority.
Exodus 9:31–34 Aftermath of the Hail
After Moses prays, the hail and rain cease, affecting only the flax and barley while wheat and spelt remain unharmed. Pharaoh hardens his heart further upon seeing this, refusing to release the Israelites.
Exodus 9:35 Pharaoh's Hardened Heart
Pharaoh's heart is hardened and he does not let the Israelites go, fulfilling Yahweh's prior words spoken through Moses.
Key verses
Exodus 9:12Yahweh states that he has hardened Pharaoh's heart, a decisive act that ensures Pharaoh will not listen to Moses, furthering the conflict and plagues in Egypt.
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Study questions
Questions for studying Exodus 9
- observeIn v6, what happens to the livestock of Egypt?
- observeWhat affliction strikes both man and animal in vv. 9-10?
- interpretPharaoh's acknowledgment of sin in v27: what does this indicate about his understanding of righteousness?
- interpretIn v34, why does Pharaoh harden his heart after the hail ceases?
- applyWhen have you witnessed a situation like Pharaoh's stubbornness in v35?
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Cross-references
Passages that echo Exodus 9
- Exodus 8Exodus 9:4 and Exodus 8:22Both set apart: Exodus 9:4 says nothing shall die of Israel's livestock, while Exodus 8:22 states no flies shall be there.
- Exodus 10Exodus 9:26 and Exodus 10:23Both emphasize light: Exodus 9:26 notes no hail in Goshen, while Exodus 10:23 states Israelites had light.
- Romans 9Exodus 9:16 and Romans 9:17Both address purpose: Exodus 9:16 reveals God made Pharaoh stand to show power, while Romans 9:17 echoes this intent.
- Exodus 7Exodus 9:1 and Exodus 7:16Both call for release: Exodus 9:1 commands Pharaoh to let Israel go, while Exodus 7:16 reiterates the same command.
- Psalm 24Exodus 9:29 and Psalm 24:1Both affirm ownership: Exodus 9:29 states the earth is Yahweh's, while Psalm 24:1 asserts the fullness belongs to Him.
- James 5Exodus 9:28 and James 5:16Both include prayer: Exodus 9:28 urges Pharaoh to pray for relief, while James 5:16 teaches prayer for healing.
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