ScriptureDepth's study of Judges 9
“Then God sent an evil spirit between Abimelech and the men of Shechem; and the men of Shechem dealt treacherously with Abimelech,”
Judges 9:23
God sends an evil spirit between Abimelech and the men of Shechem, which leads to their treacherous dealings against him and ignites conflict.
What Judges 9 is about
Abimelech, son of Jerubbaal, went to Shechem and asked the people if they preferred one ruler over many (vv. 1-2). The men of Shechem supported him, remembering he was their brother (v. 3). They gave him money to hire followers and he killed his seventy brothers, leaving Jotham alive (vv. 4-5). The men of Shechem made Abimelech king at Shechem (v. 6). Jotham, from Mount Gerizim, spoke a parable about trees choosing a king. He warned them about Abimelech’s rule and cursed them for their actions (vv. 7-21). God sent an evil spirit to turn the men of Shechem against Abimelech (vv. 22-24). Gaal led a rebellion against Abimelech, but Abimelech defeated him (vv. 25-41). Abimelech attacked Shechem, destroying the city and its tower (vv. 42-49). He later tried to conquer Thebez but was killed by a woman who dropped a stone on his head (vv. 50-57).
Abimelech's fate and the wrath on Shechem raise questions about justice and leadership.
Judges 9 at a glance
- Judges 9:1–6Abimelech's Rise to Power
- Judges 9:7–21Jotham's Parable and Curse
- Judges 9:22–24Divine Judgment Begins
- Judges 9:25–41Gaal's Rebellion
- Judges 9:42–49Abimelech's Attack on Shechem
- Judges 9:50–57Fall of Abimelech
Key verse: Judges 9:23
One thing to notice
The chapter features several instances of divine judgment and treachery. In vv. 23-24, an 'evil spirit' is sent by God to incite betrayal between Abimelech and Shechem, linking the violence of Abimelech's actions against his brothers to the consequences faced by both him and the men of Shechem.
Summary and study helps: AI-drafted (September 2026), checked by automated Scripture gates. Spotted an error? Report it. Fixes are listed on the corrections page.
Chapter text
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Abimelech's Rise to Power Judges 9:1–6
1Verse 1. Abimelech the son of Jerubbaal went to Shechem to his mother’s brothers, and spoke with them, and with all the family of the house of his mother’s father, saying, 2Verse 2. “Please speak in the ears of all the men of Shechem, ‘Is it better for you that all the sons of Jerubbaal, who are seventy persons, rule over you, or that one rule over you?’ Remember also that I am your bone and your flesh.” 3Verse 3. His mother’s brothers spoke of him in the ears of all the men of Shechem all these words. Their hearts inclined to follow Abimelech; for they said, “He is our brother.”
4Verse 4. They gave him seventy pieces of silver out of the house of Baal Berith, with which Abimelech hired vain and light fellows, who followed him. 5Verse 5. He went to his father’s house at Ophrah, and killed his brothers the sons of Jerubbaal, being seventy persons, on one stone: but Jotham the youngest son of Jerubbaal was left; for he hid himself. 6Verse 6. All the men of Shechem assembled themselves together, and all the house of Millo, and went and made Abimelech king, by the oak of the pillar that was in Shechem.
Jotham's Parable and Curse Judges 9:7–21
7Verse 7. When they told it to Jotham, he went and stood on the top of Mount Gerizim, and lifted up his voice, cried out, and said to them, “Listen to me, you men of Shechem, that God may listen to you. 8Verse 8. The trees set out to anoint a king over themselves. They said to the olive tree, ‘Reign over us.’ 9Verse 9. “But the olive tree said to them, ‘Should I stop producing my oil, with which they honor God and man by me, and go to wave back and forth over the trees?’ 10Verse 10. “The trees said to the fig tree, ‘Come and reign over us.’
11Verse 11. “But the fig tree said to them, ‘Should I leave my sweetness, and my good fruit, and go to wave back and forth over the trees?’ 12Verse 12. “The trees said to the vine, ‘Come and reign over us.’ 13Verse 13. “The vine said to them, ‘Should I leave my new wine, which cheers God and man, and go to wave back and forth over the trees?’ 14Verse 14. “Then all the trees said to the bramble, ‘Come and reign over us.’ 15Verse 15. “The bramble said to the trees, ‘If in truth you anoint me king over you, then come and take refuge in my shade; and if not, let fire come out of the bramble, and devour the cedars of Lebanon.’
16Verse 16. “Now therefore, if you have dealt truly and righteously, in that you have made Abimelech king, and if you have dealt well with Jerubbaal and his house, and have done to him according to the deserving of his hands 17Verse 17. (for my father fought for you, and risked his life, and delivered you out of the hand of Midian; 18Verse 18. and you have risen up against my father’s house today, and have slain his sons, seventy persons, on one stone, and have made Abimelech, the son of his female servant, king over the men of Shechem, because he is your brother); 19Verse 19. if you then have dealt truly and righteously with Jerubbaal and with his house today, then rejoice in Abimelech, and let him also rejoice in you;
20Verse 20. but if not, let fire come out from Abimelech, and devour the men of Shechem, and the house of Millo; and let fire come out from the men of Shechem, and from the house of Millo, and devour Abimelech.” 21Verse 21. Jotham ran away, and fled, and went to Beer, and lived there, for fear of Abimelech his brother.
Divine Judgment Begins Judges 9:22–24
22Verse 22. Abimelech was prince over Israel three years. 23Verse 23. Then God sent an evil spirit between Abimelech and the men of Shechem; and the men of Shechem dealt treacherously with Abimelech, 24Verse 24. that the violence done to the seventy sons of Jerubbaal might come, and that their blood might be laid on Abimelech their brother, who killed them, and on the men of Shechem, who strengthened his hands to kill his brothers.
Gaal's Rebellion Judges 9:25–41
25Verse 25. The men of Shechem set an ambush for him on the tops of the mountains, and they robbed all who came along that way by them, and Abimelech was told about it. 26Verse 26. Gaal the son of Ebed came with his brothers, and went over to Shechem; and the men of Shechem put their trust in him. 27Verse 27. They went out into the field, harvested their vineyards, trod the grapes, held festival, and went into the house of their god, and ate and drank, and cursed Abimelech. 28Verse 28. Gaal the son of Ebed said, “Who is Abimelech, and who is Shechem, that we should serve him? Isn’t he the son of Jerubbaal? Isn’t Zebul his officer? Serve the men of Hamor the father of Shechem, but why should we serve him?
29Verse 29. I wish that this people were under my hand! Then I would remove Abimelech.” He said to Abimelech, “Increase your army, and come out!” 30Verse 30. When Zebul the ruler of the city heard the words of Gaal the son of Ebed, his anger burned. 31Verse 31. He sent messengers to Abimelech craftily, saying, “Behold, Gaal the son of Ebed and his brothers have come to Shechem; and behold, they incite the city against you. 32Verse 32. Now therefore, go up by night, you and the people who are with you, and lie in wait in the field. 33Verse 33. It shall be that in the morning, as soon as the sun is up, you shall rise early, and rush on the city. Behold, when he and the people who are with him come out against you, then may you do to them as you shall find occasion.”
34Verse 34. Abimelech rose up, and all the people who were with him, by night, and they laid wait against Shechem in four companies. 35Verse 35. Gaal the son of Ebed went out, and stood in the entrance of the gate of the city. Abimelech rose up, and the people who were with him, from the ambush. 36Verse 36. When Gaal saw the people, he said to Zebul, “Behold, people are coming down from the tops of the mountains.” Zebul said to him, “You see the shadow of the mountains as if they were men.” 37Verse 37. Gaal spoke again and said, “Behold, people are coming down by the middle of the land, and one company comes by the way of the oak of Meonenim.”
38Verse 38. Then Zebul said to him, “Now where is your mouth, that you said, ‘Who is Abimelech, that we should serve him?’ Isn’t this the people that you have despised? Please go out now and fight with them.” 39Verse 39. Gaal went out before the men of Shechem, and fought with Abimelech. 40Verse 40. Abimelech chased him, and he fled before him, and many fell wounded, even to the entrance of the gate. 41Verse 41. Abimelech lived at Arumah; and Zebul drove out Gaal and his brothers, that they should not dwell in Shechem.
Abimelech's Attack on Shechem Judges 9:42–49
42Verse 42. On the next day, the people went out into the field; and they told Abimelech. 43Verse 43. He took the people, and divided them into three companies, and laid wait in the field; and he looked, and behold, the people came out of the city. So, he rose up against them, and struck them. 44Verse 44. Abimelech and the companies that were with him rushed forward, and stood in the entrance of the gate of the city; and the two companies rushed on all who were in the field, and struck them. 45Verse 45. Abimelech fought against the city all that day; and he took the city, and killed the people in it. He beat down the city, and sowed it with salt.
46Verse 46. When all the men of the tower of Shechem heard of it, they entered into the stronghold of the house of Elberith. 47Verse 47. Abimelech was told that all the men of the tower of Shechem were gathered together. 48Verse 48. Abimelech went up to Mount Zalmon, he and all the people who were with him; and Abimelech took an ax in his hand, and cut down a bough from the trees, and took it up, and laid it on his shoulder. Then he said to the people who were with him, “What you have seen me do, make haste, and do as I have done!”
49Verse 49. All the people likewise each cut down his bough, and followed Abimelech, and put them at the base of the stronghold, and set the stronghold on fire on them; so that all the people of the tower of Shechem died also, about a thousand men and women.
Fall of Abimelech Judges 9:50–57
50Verse 50. Then Abimelech went to Thebez, and encamped against Thebez, and took it. 51Verse 51. But there was a strong tower within the city, and all the men and women of the city fled there, and shut themselves in, and went up to the roof of the tower. 52Verse 52. Abimelech came to the tower, and fought against it, and came near to the door of the tower to burn it with fire. 53Verse 53. A certain woman cast an upper millstone on Abimelech’s head, and broke his skull. 54Verse 54. Then he called hastily to the young man his armor bearer, and said to him, “Draw your sword, and kill me, that men not say of me, ‘A woman killed him.’ His young man thrust him through, and he died.”
55Verse 55. When the men of Israel saw that Abimelech was dead, they each departed to his place. 56Verse 56. Thus God repaid the wickedness of Abimelech, which he did to his father, in killing his seventy brothers; 57Verse 57. and God repaid all the wickedness of the men of Shechem on their heads; and the curse of Jotham the son of Jerubbaal came on them.
World English Bible (public domain)
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Main themes in Judges 9
The consequences of ambition and betrayal
Abimelech's ambition leads him to kill his seventy brothers to secure his rule, as seen in v. 5 where he 'killed his brothers the sons of Jerubbaal, being seventy persons, on one stone.' This act of betrayal sets off a chain of events that results in his own downfall, ultimately fulfilling Jotham's curse that 'let fire come out from Abimelech' (v. 20). The text portrays the destructive nature of his ambition.
The sovereignty of God in judgment
God's sovereignty is demonstrated when He sends 'an evil spirit between Abimelech and the men of Shechem' (v. 23), initiating conflict that leads to Abimelech's ruin. The chapter concludes with the statement that 'God repaid the wickedness of Abimelech' (v. 56), indicating divine justice at work in response to the actions of both Abimelech and Shechem. God's authority over the unfolding events is clear.
The danger of human leadership detached from divine guidance
Abimelech's rise to power is marked by his violent actions and the choice of the men of Shechem to support him based on familial ties, as noted in v. 3 where they say, 'He is our brother.' This leadership devoid of divine sanction leads to treachery and violence, culminating in the city's destruction. The chapter illustrates the peril inherent in leadership that lacks moral and spiritual grounding.
The fragility of human alliances
Abimelech's relationship with the men of Shechem begins to unravel as seen in verses 23-24, where 'the men of Shechem dealt treacherously with Abimelech.' Their initial loyalty shifts dramatically when Gaal rises up against him, demonstrating how quickly alliances can dissolve. The subsequent military conflict ignited by Gaal's rebellion leads to a cycle of violence that culminates in mutual destruction, underscoring the instability of such human alliances.
Chapter outline
How Judges 9 unfolds
Judges 9:1–6 Abimelech's Rise to Power
Abimelech goes to Shechem to present himself as a candidate for leadership, appealing to his family ties (vv. 1-2). The men of Shechem support him, and he is made king after killing his seventy brothers (vv. 3-6).
Judges 9:7–21 Jotham's Parable and Curse
Jotham, the only surviving brother, delivers a parable about trees seeking a king (vv. 7-15). He accuses Shechem of betrayal and pronounces a curse on them if they have acted treacherously (vv. 16-21).
Judges 9:22–24 Divine Judgment Begins
Abimelech rules for three years before God sends an evil spirit to create discord between him and the men of Shechem (vv. 22-23). This conflict is a direct consequence of their collective wrongdoing (vv. 24).
Judges 9:25–41 Gaal's Rebellion
Gaal arrives in Shechem and incites rebellion against Abimelech, questioning his legitimacy (vv. 26-29). Zebul, loyal to Abimelech, warns him and advises a surprise attack (vv. 30-33).
Judges 9:42–49 Abimelech's Attack on Shechem
Abimelech ambushes the men of Shechem, defeating them, and then attacks the city, destroying it and sowing it with salt. He also burns the stronghold where about a thousand men and women are trapped (vv. 42-49).
Judges 9:50–57 Fall of Abimelech
Abimelech besieges Thebez and is fatally injured by a woman who drops a millstone on him. To avoid disgrace, he commands his armor bearer to kill him, leading to God's judgment for his actions and the curse of Jotham being fulfilled (vv. 50-57).
Key verses
Judges 9:23God sends an evil spirit between Abimelech and the men of Shechem, which leads to their treacherous dealings against him and ignites conflict.
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Study questions
Questions for studying Judges 9
- observeIn v1, who does Abimelech approach first in Shechem?
- observeWhat does Jotham do in v7 after hearing about Abimelech's actions?
- interpretThe phrase 'he is our brother' in v3: how does this affect the people's decision?
- interpretIn v24, what is meant by God laying the blood of the brothers on Abimelech?
- applyWhen have you seen ambition lead to conflict, as in Abimelech's rise to power?
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Cross-references
Passages that echo Judges 9
- Judges 8Judges 9:1 and Judges 8:31Both mention Abimelech: Judges 9:1 says he went to Shechem, while Judges 8:31 states he was born there.
- Psalm 91Judges 9:15 and Psalm 91:1Both use the image of shade: Judges 9:15 refers to a bramble's shade, while Psalm 91:1 mentions resting in God's shadow.
- 1 Kings 12Judges 9:6 and 1 Kings 12:1Both mention making a king: Judges 9:6 states Abimelech was made king, while 1 Kings 12:1 describes Rehoboam being made king.
- 2 Kings 14Judges 9:8 and 2 Kings 14:9Both involve trees seeking a king: Judges 9:8 shows trees wanting to anoint a king, while 2 Kings 14:9 mentions a thistle's request.
- Psalm 104Judges 9:13 and Psalm 104:15Both mention wine: Judges 9:13 refers to the vine's new wine, while Psalm 104:15 speaks of wine that cheers.
- 2 Samuel 15Judges 9:29 and 2 Samuel 15:4Both reveal desires for justice: Judges 9:29 expresses a wish to remove Abimelech, while 2 Samuel 15:4 shows Absalom's judicial ambitions.
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